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BIO 214 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In 1928, Frederick ________ studied a pneumonia-causing bacterium. There were 2 strains, the virulent (__) and the nonvirulent (__) strain.

A

Griffith, S, R

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2
Q

In Griffith’s mice experiment, the __ strain on its own killed mice, the __ strain on its own did not kill the mice. Furthermore, when the __ strain was killed by ________, it did not kill the mice. However, combining the ________-killed virulent (__) strain with the live non-virulent (__) strain killed the mice.

A

S, R, S, heat, heat, S, R

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3
Q

Griffith called the transfer of virulence from the heat-killed S strain cells into the live R strain cells ________

A

transformation

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4
Q

In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and ________ repeated Griffith’s experiment using purified cell extracts. They treated the __ cells, and then mixed with the __ cells to inject the mice. They used two treatments: ________ digesting enzymes and ________ digesting enzymes.

A

McCarty, S, R, Protein, DNA

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5
Q

In the Avery, Macleod, and McCarty experiment, the removal of ________ from the transforming material didn’t inhibit its ability to transform R strain cells. However, the ________ digesting enzymes destroyed all transforming ability.

A

protein, DNA

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6
Q

The Avery, Macleod, McCarty experiment supported ________ as the genetic material (at least in bacteria)

A

DNA

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7
Q

Hershey and Chase (1952) investigated genetic material using ________, viruses that infect bacteria. They are composed of only ________ and ________. Hershey and Chase wanted to determine which molecule is the genetic material that is injected into the bacteria.

A

Bacteriophages, DNA, protein

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8
Q

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, Bacteriophage DNA was labeled with radioactive ________ (___), bacteriophage protein was labeled with radioactive ________ (___).

A

phosphorus, 32P, sulfur, 35S

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9
Q

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, only the bacteriophage ________ (___) entered the bacteria and was used to produce more bacteriophage. The conclusion is that ________ is the genetic material

A

DNA, 32P, DNA

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10
Q

DNA is a ________ acid composed of ________

A

nucleic, nucleotides

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11
Q

DNA is composed of a 5-carbon sugar called ________

A

deoxyribose

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12
Q

DNA has a ________ group attached to the 5- carbon of sugar

A

Phosphate

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13
Q

DNA has a ________ group attached at the 3’ carbon of sugar

A

hydroxyl

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14
Q

A ________ bond is the bond between adjacent nucleotides. It is formed between the (__’) PO4 group of one nucleotide and the (__’) OH group of the next nucleotide.

A

phosphodiester, 5, 3

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15
Q

The chain of nucleotides in DNA has a ___ to ___ orientation

A

5’, 3’

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16
Q

Erwin Chargaff determined that there is always an equal proportion of two-ringed ________ (A and G) and single-ringed ________ (C and T).

A

purines, pyrimidines

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17
Q

According to Chargaff’s rules, the amount of Adenine = ________, and the amount of Cytosine = ________.

A

thymine, guanine

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18
Q

Rosalind Franklin performed X-ray diffraction studies to identify the 3D structure of DNA, and discovered that DNA is ________

A

helical

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19
Q

________ and ________ (1953) determined the structure of DNA using evidence from others. They didn’t perform a single experiment themselves.

A

Watson, Crick

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20
Q

They key finding of the Watson-Crick model of DNA was that there are two intertwined chains of ________, creating a ________-________ structure

A

nucleotides, double-helix

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21
Q

The double helix of DNA forms two grooves: The larger ________ groove and the smaller ________ groove

A

major, minor

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22
Q

DNA strands are connected via ________ bonds between bases on opposite strands. The result is specific ________-________ (A-T and G-C)

A

hydrogen, base-pairs

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23
Q

The pattern of base-pairing is ________. A forms __ hydrogen bonds with T, and G forms __ hydrogen bonds with C.

A

complementary, 2, 3

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24
Q

DNA has an ________ formation, meaning that one end terminates in 3’ OH, and one end terminates in 5’ PO4. Two strands of a single DNA molecule have opposite ________ to one another

A

antiparallel, polarity

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25
Q

The ________ model of DNA replication is where both strands of parental DNA remain intact, and the new DNA copies consist of all new molecules

A

Conservative

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26
Q

The ________ model of DNA replication is where the daughter strands each consist of one parental strand and one new strand.

A

semiconservative

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27
Q

The ________ model of DNA replication is where new DNA is dispersed throughout each strand of both daughter molecules after replication

A

dispersive

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28
Q

Meselson and Stahl performed an experiment with heavy nitrogen (___) and combined it with lighter nitrogen (___). They determined that the ________ model is the correct model of DNA replication

A

N15, N14, semiconservative

29
Q

DNA replication requires three things: Something to copy (parental ________ molecule), Something to do the copying (________), and building blocks to make the copy (________ ________)

A

DNA, enzymes, Nucleotide triphosphates

30
Q

The stages of DNA replication are as follows: ________ - replication begins, ________ - new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase, and ________ - replication is stopped

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

31
Q

DNA ________ match existing DNA bases with complementary ________ and link them, building new DNA strands

A

polymerases, nucleotides

32
Q

DNA polymerases all add new bases to the ___ end of existing strands, and synthesize the new strand in the ___ to ___ direction. They also require an ________ primer

A

3’, 5’, 3’, RNA

33
Q

In Prokaryotic Replication (in E. Coli), there is a single ________ molecule of DNA. Replication begins at the ________ of replication, and proceeds in both directions around the ________.

A

circular, origin, chromosome

34
Q

A ________ is DNA controlled by an origin

A

Replicon

35
Q

E. Coli has three DNA polymerases, which all have 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity ( ________)

A

proofreading

36
Q

In prokaryotic replication, DNA polymerase ___ acts on the lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA

A

I

37
Q

In prokaryotic replication, DNA polymerase ___ is involved in DNA repair processes

A

II

38
Q

In prokaryotic replication, DNA polymerase ___ is the main replication enzyme

A

III

39
Q

In prokaryotic replication, ________ unwinds ________ bonds holding them together

A

helicase, hydrogen

40
Q

In prokaryotic replication, ________ ________ ________ replicated DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA

A

DNA Polymerase III

41
Q

In prokaryotic replication, ________ makes the RNA primer so that DNA Polymerase ___ can know where to start.

A

Primase, III

42
Q

In prokaryotic replication, ________ essentially glues DNA fragments together on the ________ strand.

A

ligase, lagging

43
Q

Some DNA polymerase molecules can remove nucleotides, acting as ________. They can be ________ (cut DNA internally) or ________ (remove nucleotides from end of DNA).

A

nucleases, endonucleases, exonucleases

44
Q

Helicases use energy from ________ to unwind DNA

A

ATP

45
Q

________-________-________ proteins coat strands of DNA to keep them apart after helicase separates them.

A

Single-strand-binding

46
Q

Unwinding of DNA by helicase causes torsional strain that can lead to additional twisting of the helix, called ________.

A

supercoiling

47
Q

The enzymes that prevent supercoiling are called ________. The specific one involved in DNA replication is called DNA ________

A

Topoisomerases, gyrase

48
Q

DNA fragments on the lagging strand are called ________ ________, and must be connected together.

A

Okazaki fragments

49
Q

The ________ ________ is a partial opening of helix formed where double stranded DNA is being unwound. This is where DNA ________ occurs.

A

replication fork, synthesis

50
Q

________ is the ability of a polymerase to stay attached

A

Processivity

51
Q

The β subunit forms a “sliding clamp” to keep DNA Polymerase ___ attached to DNA (high processivity)

A

III

52
Q

A ________ is a macromolecular assembly of enzymes involved in DNA replication. The two main components are ________ (primase, helicase, accessory proteins) and the ________ of two DNA Pol III’s (one for each strand)

A

Replisome, primosome, complex

53
Q

Eukaryotic replication is more complex than prokaryotes due primarily to larger amounts of ________ in multiple ________, and a ________ structure (vs. circular chromosomes)

A

DNA, chromosomes, linear

54
Q

In Eukaryotic replication, multiple ________ (origins of replication) are used for each chromosome

A

replicons

55
Q

Before S phase in eukaryotes, ________ are loaded onto possible replication origins, but not activated

A

helicases

56
Q

In Eukaryotic replication, priming uses a complex of both DNA polymerase ___ and ________.

A

α, primase

57
Q

DNA polymerase ________ synthesizes the leading strand in Eukaryotic replication

A

epsilon (ε)

58
Q

DNA polymerase ________ synthesizes the lagging strand in Eukaryotic replication

A

delta (δ)

59
Q

Linear chromosomes (eukaryotic) have specialized structures found on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes called ________. They are composed of specific ________ sequences

A

Telomeres, repeat

60
Q

Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from ________. They are also not made by the ________ complex.

A

nucleases, replication

61
Q

The last primer removed from the 3’ end of the lagging strand in eukaryotes cannot be replaced, and this would result in the ________ of chromosomes with each round of cell division. So, the enzyme ________ synthesizes the ________ repeat sequences at the end of the strand. This enzyme uses an internal ________ template, not the DNA itself

A

shortening, telomerase, telomere, RNA

62
Q

Telomerase is ________ regulated. It is high in ________, and low in ________.

A

developmentally, childhood, adulthood

63
Q

DNA damage constantly occurs. There can be random errors during ________. Luckily, DNA polymerases have ________ ability to counteract this.

A

replication, proofreading

64
Q

________ are any agent that increases the number of mutations above background level. Examples are radiation and chemicals

A

Mutagens

65
Q

There are two categories of DNA repair: ________ repair and ________ repair. The first targets a single kind of lesion in DNA and repairs only that damage. The 2nd uses a single mechanisms to repair multiple kinds of lesions in DNA.

A

specific, nonspecific

66
Q

A ________ ________ removes incorrect bases incorporated during DNA replication. It replaces them with the correct base by copying the ________ strand.

A

Mismatch repair (MMR), template

67
Q

________ is a specific repair mechanism that repairs damage caused by exposure to UV light. The ________ enzyme absorbs light in the visible range and uses the energy to ________ thymine dimers.

A

Photorepair, photolyase, cleave

68
Q

________ repair is a nonspecific repair that removes and replaces a damaged region of DNA by DNA ________ using ________ ________.

A

Excision, synthesis, DNA Polymerase

69
Q
A

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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