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BIO 214 > Mitosis/Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The chromosome ________ is the complete set of chromosomes of a eukaryotic organism

A

complement

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2
Q

A ________ cell is any cell in an organism that is not a reproductive cell

A

somatic

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: __, __, __, __, __

A

G1, S, G2, M, C

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4
Q

The time it takes to complete a cell cycle ________ greatly

A

varies

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5
Q

Cell growth in the eukaryotic cell cycle occurs during ________

A

Interphase

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6
Q

The ___ phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle takes about an hour

A

M

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7
Q

The ___ phase of the cell cycle has the most variation in length

A

G1

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8
Q

The resting phase of the cell cycle is known as ___

A

G0

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9
Q

The number of chromosomes per cell remains constant during every phase of the cell cycle, except for ________ where it doubles.

A

Anaphase

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10
Q

Cells undergo a major portion of growth during ___

A

G1

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11
Q

DNA replicates during the ___ phase

A

S

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12
Q

During the G2 phase, chromosomes coil more tightly using ________ proteins, ________ replicate (animal cells only), and ________ synthesis occurs.

A

motor, centrioles, tubulin

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13
Q

The ________ is the region that holds two sister chromatids together, where ________ attach to the ________.

A

centromere, microtubules, kinetochores

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14
Q

Each sister ________ has a centromere. Chromatids stay attached at the centromere by ________

A

chromatid, cohesin

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15
Q

A cell prepares for division during ________

A

interphase

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16
Q

During prophase, individual ________ chromosomes first become visible with the light microscope. ________ continues throughout prophase

A

condensed, condensation

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17
Q

During prophase, the two ________ move to opposite poles forming the ________ apparatus.

A

centrioles, spindle

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18
Q

________ are a radial array of microtubules in animals (not plants)

A

Asters

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19
Q

During prophase, the ________ ________ starts to break down.

A

Nuclear envelope

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20
Q

During prometaphase, ________ attach to ________ so that each sister chromatid is connected to opposite poles.

A

microtubules, kinetochores

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21
Q

________: During prometaphase, when chromosomes begin lining up in the center of the cell

A

Congression

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22
Q

During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase ________, which is not an actual structure.

A

plate

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23
Q

Centromeres split during ________. A key event is that ________ protein is removed from all chromosomes.

A

Anaphase, cohesin

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24
Q

During ________, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

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25
Q

Anaphase involves two forms of movement: Anaphase A where ________ are pulled toward poles, and Anaphase B where ________ begin to move apart.

A

kinetochores, poles

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26
Q

In ________, nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, which are now chromosomes.

A

telophase

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27
Q

During ________, the spindle apparatus disassembles

A

telophase

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28
Q

During ________, chromosomes begin to uncoil

A

telophase

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29
Q

In telophase, a ________ reappears in each new nucleus

A

nucleolus

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30
Q

During cytokinesis, there is ________ of the cell into equal halves.

A

cleavage

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31
Q

During cytokinesis in animal cells, constriction of ________ filaments produces a ________ ________.

A

actin, cleavage furrow

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32
Q

During cytokinesis in plant cells, a ________ ________ forms between the nuclei

A

cell plate

33
Q

In fungi and some protists, the ________ ________ does not dissolve. Therefore, ________ occurs within the nucleus. Division of the nucleus occurs during ________

A

nuclear membrane, mitosis, cytokinesis

34
Q

Sexual life cycles are composed of ________ and ________

A

meiosis, fertilization

35
Q

________ cells are ________ (nonreproductive) cells in which adults have 2 sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid, somatic

36
Q

________ cells are ________ (eggs and sperm) cells which have only 1 set of chromosomes

A

Haploid, gamete

37
Q

Diploid cells carry ________ from two parents

A

chromosomes

38
Q

Sexual reproduction involves an alternation of ________ (diploid –> haploid) and ________ (haploid –> diploid).

A

meiosis, fertilization

39
Q

Meiosis is the change from ________ to ________

A

diploid, haploid

40
Q

Fertilization is the change from ________ to ________

A

haploid, diploid

41
Q

Mammals have longer ________ phases.

A

diploid

42
Q

Fungi have longer ________ phases

A

haploid

43
Q

In most animals, ________ state dominates.

A

diploid

44
Q

Single-cell diploid zygote undergoes ________ to produce diploid somatic cells.

A

mitosis

45
Q

Some diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes (called ________ -________ cells)

A

germ-line

46
Q

________, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs early in prophase I.

A

Synapsis

47
Q

Synapsis includes the formation of the ________ complex, which forms between homologous chromosomes

A

synaptonemal

48
Q

During prophase I while homologues are paired, ________ ________ occurs.

A

Crossing over

49
Q

Sites of crossing over are called ________

A

chiasmata

50
Q

First meiotic division is called the ________ ________

A

Reduction division

51
Q

Meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain one ________ from each chromosome pair

A

homologue

52
Q

There is no ________ replication between meiotic divisions

A

DNA

53
Q

Meiosis II does not further reduce the number of ________

A

chromosomes

54
Q

Meiosis II involves the separation of ________ ________ for each homologue

A

sister chromatids

55
Q

During Prophase I, the ________ ________ disappears, and the ________ forms

A

nuclear envelope, spindle

56
Q

Crossing over is the genetic ________ between non-sister chromatids

A

recombination

57
Q

Crossing over allows homologues to exchange ________ material

A

chromosomal

58
Q

Chiasmata (sites of crossing over) remain in contact until ________ I

A

anaphase

59
Q

Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue during ________ I. They DO NOT attach to each sister chromatid

A

metaphase

60
Q

Homologues align along the ________ plate during metaphase I

A

metaphase

61
Q

The orientation of each pair of homologues on the ________ is random

A

spindle

62
Q

During Anaphase I, ________ of the spindle shorten and ________ break.

A

Microtubules, chiasmata

63
Q

During ________ I, homologues are separated and move to opposite poles

A

anaphase

64
Q

During anaphase I, ________ ________ remain attached at centromeres

A

sister chromatids

65
Q

In anaphase I, each pole has a complete ________ set of chromosomes.

A

haploid

66
Q

During ________ I, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each daughter nucleus

A

telophase

67
Q

________ may or may not occur after telophase I

A

Cytokinesis

68
Q

Meiosis II resembles a ________ division

A

mitotic

69
Q

Meiosis II is ________ than meiosis I

A

shorter

70
Q

After cytokinesis in meiosis II, ___ haploid cells result

A

4

71
Q

After meiosis II in animals, four haploid cells develop directly into ________

A

gametes

72
Q

After meiosis II in plants, fungi, and many protists, cells divide ________ which produces a greater number of ________

A

mitotically, gametes

73
Q

________ is the failure of chromosomes to move to opposite poles during either meiotic division

A

Nondisjunction

74
Q

________ gametes are gametes with extra or missing chromosomes, which is a result of nondisjunction and is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion in humans

A

Aneuploid

75
Q

Replication is ________ (doesn’t undergo cell division) between meiotic divisions

A

suppressed

76
Q

________ B is lost completely between mitotic divisions, but not meiotic divisions

A

Cyclin

77
Q

Meiosis produces cells that are not ________

A

identical

78
Q

Variation in cells produced by meiosis is essential for ________ because sexually reproducing populations will have much greater genetic ________ than asexually producing ones

A

evolution, variation

79
Q
A

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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