Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards
The chromosome ________ is the complete set of chromosomes of a eukaryotic organism
complement
A ________ cell is any cell in an organism that is not a reproductive cell
somatic
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: __, __, __, __, __
G1, S, G2, M, C
The time it takes to complete a cell cycle ________ greatly
varies
Cell growth in the eukaryotic cell cycle occurs during ________
Interphase
The ___ phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle takes about an hour
M
The ___ phase of the cell cycle has the most variation in length
G1
The resting phase of the cell cycle is known as ___
G0
The number of chromosomes per cell remains constant during every phase of the cell cycle, except for ________ where it doubles.
Anaphase
Cells undergo a major portion of growth during ___
G1
DNA replicates during the ___ phase
S
During the G2 phase, chromosomes coil more tightly using ________ proteins, ________ replicate (animal cells only), and ________ synthesis occurs.
motor, centrioles, tubulin
The ________ is the region that holds two sister chromatids together, where ________ attach to the ________.
centromere, microtubules, kinetochores
Each sister ________ has a centromere. Chromatids stay attached at the centromere by ________
chromatid, cohesin
A cell prepares for division during ________
interphase
During prophase, individual ________ chromosomes first become visible with the light microscope. ________ continues throughout prophase
condensed, condensation
During prophase, the two ________ move to opposite poles forming the ________ apparatus.
centrioles, spindle
________ are a radial array of microtubules in animals (not plants)
Asters
During prophase, the ________ ________ starts to break down.
Nuclear envelope
During prometaphase, ________ attach to ________ so that each sister chromatid is connected to opposite poles.
microtubules, kinetochores
________: During prometaphase, when chromosomes begin lining up in the center of the cell
Congression
During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase ________, which is not an actual structure.
plate
Centromeres split during ________. A key event is that ________ protein is removed from all chromosomes.
Anaphase, cohesin
During ________, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
Anaphase
Anaphase involves two forms of movement: Anaphase A where ________ are pulled toward poles, and Anaphase B where ________ begin to move apart.
kinetochores, poles
In ________, nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, which are now chromosomes.
telophase
During ________, the spindle apparatus disassembles
telophase
During ________, chromosomes begin to uncoil
telophase
In telophase, a ________ reappears in each new nucleus
nucleolus
During cytokinesis, there is ________ of the cell into equal halves.
cleavage
During cytokinesis in animal cells, constriction of ________ filaments produces a ________ ________.
actin, cleavage furrow
During cytokinesis in plant cells, a ________ ________ forms between the nuclei
cell plate
In fungi and some protists, the ________ ________ does not dissolve. Therefore, ________ occurs within the nucleus. Division of the nucleus occurs during ________
nuclear membrane, mitosis, cytokinesis
Sexual life cycles are composed of ________ and ________
meiosis, fertilization
________ cells are ________ (nonreproductive) cells in which adults have 2 sets of chromosomes
Diploid, somatic
________ cells are ________ (eggs and sperm) cells which have only 1 set of chromosomes
Haploid, gamete
Diploid cells carry ________ from two parents
chromosomes
Sexual reproduction involves an alternation of ________ (diploid –> haploid) and ________ (haploid –> diploid).
meiosis, fertilization
Meiosis is the change from ________ to ________
diploid, haploid
Fertilization is the change from ________ to ________
haploid, diploid
Mammals have longer ________ phases.
diploid
Fungi have longer ________ phases
haploid
In most animals, ________ state dominates.
diploid
Single-cell diploid zygote undergoes ________ to produce diploid somatic cells.
mitosis
Some diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes (called ________ -________ cells)
germ-line
________, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs early in prophase I.
Synapsis
Synapsis includes the formation of the ________ complex, which forms between homologous chromosomes
synaptonemal
During prophase I while homologues are paired, ________ ________ occurs.
Crossing over
Sites of crossing over are called ________
chiasmata
First meiotic division is called the ________ ________
Reduction division
Meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain one ________ from each chromosome pair
homologue
There is no ________ replication between meiotic divisions
DNA
Meiosis II does not further reduce the number of ________
chromosomes
Meiosis II involves the separation of ________ ________ for each homologue
sister chromatids
During Prophase I, the ________ ________ disappears, and the ________ forms
nuclear envelope, spindle
Crossing over is the genetic ________ between non-sister chromatids
recombination
Crossing over allows homologues to exchange ________ material
chromosomal
Chiasmata (sites of crossing over) remain in contact until ________ I
anaphase
Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue during ________ I. They DO NOT attach to each sister chromatid
metaphase
Homologues align along the ________ plate during metaphase I
metaphase
The orientation of each pair of homologues on the ________ is random
spindle
During Anaphase I, ________ of the spindle shorten and ________ break.
Microtubules, chiasmata
During ________ I, homologues are separated and move to opposite poles
anaphase
During anaphase I, ________ ________ remain attached at centromeres
sister chromatids
In anaphase I, each pole has a complete ________ set of chromosomes.
haploid
During ________ I, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each daughter nucleus
telophase
________ may or may not occur after telophase I
Cytokinesis
Meiosis II resembles a ________ division
mitotic
Meiosis II is ________ than meiosis I
shorter
After cytokinesis in meiosis II, ___ haploid cells result
4
After meiosis II in animals, four haploid cells develop directly into ________
gametes
After meiosis II in plants, fungi, and many protists, cells divide ________ which produces a greater number of ________
mitotically, gametes
________ is the failure of chromosomes to move to opposite poles during either meiotic division
Nondisjunction
________ gametes are gametes with extra or missing chromosomes, which is a result of nondisjunction and is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion in humans
Aneuploid
Replication is ________ (doesn’t undergo cell division) between meiotic divisions
suppressed
________ B is lost completely between mitotic divisions, but not meiotic divisions
Cyclin
Meiosis produces cells that are not ________
identical
Variation in cells produced by meiosis is essential for ________ because sexually reproducing populations will have much greater genetic ________ than asexually producing ones
evolution, variation
