Test #1

Question 1

Inductive Method

Answer 1

• 1st by Francis Bacon

* process of making many observations until confident to draw generalization & predictions

Question 2

Scientific Method

Answer 2

• habits of disciplined creativity
• careful observation
• logical thinking
• honest analysis of observations & conclusions

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

•study of form

Question 4

Physiology

Answer 4

•study of function

Question 5

Facts

Answer 5

•info that can be verified by trained person

Question 6

Laws

Answer 6

•generalization about predictable ways that matter & energy behave

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

•statement(s) derived from facts, laws, & confirmed hypotheses

Question 8

Hierarchy of complexity

Answer 8

• organism made of organ systems
• organ systems made of organs
• organs made of tissues
• tissues made of cells
• cells made of organelles
• organelles made of molecules
• molecules made of atoms

Question 9

What are characteristics of every living thing?

Answer 9

• organization
• cellular composition
• metabolism
• excretion
• responsiveness
• homeostasis
• development
• reproduction
• evolution

Question 10

What’s an example of homeostasis?

Answer 10

•heating system keeping house at constant temp

Question 11

What’s an example of negative feedback?

Answer 11

• furnace in house set at 70
• temp drops to 68
• furnace kicks on to get back to 70
• furnaces reached 70 & shuts off

•body releases insulin to control glucose levels

Question 12

Chemical elements

Answer 12

•simplest matter with unique properties

Question 13

What are the major elements of the human body?

Answer 13

• oxygen
• carbon
• hydrogen
• phosphorus
• calcium
• nitrogen

Question 14

What are the lesser elements of the body?

Answer 14

• sulfur
• potassium
• magnesium
• sodium
• chlorine
• iron

Question 15

What are the trade elements of the body?

Answer 15

• chromium
• cobalt
• copper
• fluorine
• iodine
• manganese
• zinc
• vanadium
• tin
• molybdenum
• selenium
• silicon

Question 16

Describe atomic structure

Answer 16

• protons & neutrons in nucleus

* electrons orbit

Question 17

How do valence electrons work/where are they located?

Answer 17

•outermost shell

Question 18

What does energy levels have to do with electrons?

Answer 18

•electrons gain energy & move up energy levels taking them farther from nucleus

Question 19

Free radicals

Answer 19

•chemical particles w/odd number of electrons (making unstable atoms)

Question 20

How many chemical bonds are there & what are they?

Answer 20

•4

• hydrogen
• covalent
• Van der Waals
• ionic

Question 21

What are properties of water?

Answer 21

• atoms joined by polar covalent bonds

* v-shaped molecules

Question 22

Acid

Answer 22

•proton donor

Question 23

Base

Answer 23

•proton acceptor

Question 24

pH

Answer 24

• term to express acidity

* measure derived from molarity

Question 25

Polymers

Answer 25

* molecules made of identical/similar subunits (monomers) | * starch is polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers

Question 26

Monomer

Answer 26

•subunit that makes up polymers

Question 27

Carbohydrates

Answer 27

* monosaccharides (simple sugars-glucose/galactose/fructose) * disaccharides (sugars made of 2+ mono; sucrose/lactose/maltose) * polysaccharides (long chains of mono like 50+; glycogen/starch/cellulose)

Question 28

What types of lipids are present in human body?

Answer 28

* fatty acids * triglycerides * phospholipids * eicosanoids * steroids

Question 29

Why are phospholipids considered amphipathic molecules?

Answer 29

•heads are hydrophilic while tails are hydrophobic

Question 30

Saturated fats

Answer 30

* SATURATED (full) of hydrogen | * can’t carry more

Question 31

Unsaturated fat

Answer 31

•potential to carry more hydrogens (instead of adjacent carbons) due to double bonds

Question 32

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 32

* formed by dehydration synthesis | * joins amino group of 1 amino acid to carbonyl group of the next

Question 33

How many levels are there of protein structure & what are they?

Answer 33

•4 * primary * secondary * tertiary * quarternary

Question 34

Primary structure

Answer 34

•protein’s sequence of amino acids (encoded in genes) joined by peptide bonds

Question 35

Secondary structure

Answer 35

* coiled/folded shape * hydrogen bonds Most common shapes... •alpha helix-spring •beta sheet-paper folded into fan

Question 36

Tertiary structure

Answer 36

* formed by more bending/folding of proteins | * ball of yarn

Question 37

Quarternary Structure

Answer 37

•association of 2+ polypeptide chains ionic bonds

Question 38

What are enzymes?

Answer 38

•protein functioning as biological catalysts

Question 39

How do enzymes work?

Answer 39

•bind to substrate & transform them

Question 40

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 40

* lipids | * proteins

Question 41

What kind of lipids are in the plasma membrane?

Answer 41

* phospholipids | * glycolipid

Question 42

What kind of proteins are in the plasma membrane?

Answer 42

* integral: penetrate into/through phospholipid layer * transmembrane: proteins that pass completely through phospholipid layer * peripheral: don’t protrude into/embed in phospholipid layer but adhere to 1 face of membrane

Question 43

What is diffusion?

Answer 43

* net movement of particles from high to low concentration | * substances diffuse down their concentration gradient

Question 44

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 44

* temperature * molecular weight * steepness of concentration gradient * membrane surface area

Question 45

What is osmosis?

Answer 45

•net flow of water from 1 side of selectively permeable membrane to the other

Question 46

What is the role of aquaporins in osmosis?

Answer 46

* speed up osmosis cause they’re made for water | * allow water to “pour in”

Question 47

What is tonicity?

Answer 47

•ability of solution to affect fluid volume & pressure in cells

Question 48

Cytoskeleton

Answer 48

•network of protein filaments & cylinders that structurally support cell/determine shape/organize contents/direct movements

Question 49

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 49

* little network within cell | * connected channels