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A&P > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Inductive Method

A
  • 1st by Francis Bacon

* process of making many observations until confident to draw generalization & predictions

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2
Q

Scientific Method

A
  • habits of disciplined creativity
  • careful observation
  • logical thinking
  • honest analysis of observations & conclusions
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3
Q

Anatomy

A

•study of form

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4
Q

Physiology

A

•study of function

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5
Q

Facts

A

•info that can be verified by trained person

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6
Q

Laws

A

•generalization about predictable ways that matter & energy behave

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7
Q

Theory

A

•statement(s) derived from facts, laws, & confirmed hypotheses

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8
Q

Hierarchy of complexity

A
  • organism made of organ systems
  • organ systems made of organs
  • organs made of tissues
  • tissues made of cells
  • cells made of organelles
  • organelles made of molecules
  • molecules made of atoms
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9
Q

What are characteristics of every living thing?

A
  • organization
  • cellular composition
  • metabolism
  • excretion
  • responsiveness
  • homeostasis
  • development
  • reproduction
  • evolution
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10
Q

What’s an example of homeostasis?

A

•heating system keeping house at constant temp

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11
Q

What’s an example of negative feedback?

A
  • furnace in house set at 70
  • temp drops to 68
  • furnace kicks on to get back to 70
  • furnaces reached 70 & shuts off

•body releases insulin to control glucose levels

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12
Q

Chemical elements

A

•simplest matter with unique properties

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13
Q

What are the major elements of the human body?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • phosphorus
  • calcium
  • nitrogen
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14
Q

What are the lesser elements of the body?

A
  • sulfur
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • sodium
  • chlorine
  • iron
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15
Q

What are the trade elements of the body?

A
  • chromium
  • cobalt
  • copper
  • fluorine
  • iodine
  • manganese
  • zinc
  • vanadium
  • tin
  • molybdenum
  • selenium
  • silicon
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16
Q

Describe atomic structure

A
  • protons & neutrons in nucleus

* electrons orbit

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17
Q

How do valence electrons work/where are they located?

A

•outermost shell

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18
Q

What does energy levels have to do with electrons?

A

•electrons gain energy & move up energy levels taking them farther from nucleus

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19
Q

Free radicals

A

•chemical particles w/odd number of electrons (making unstable atoms)

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20
Q

How many chemical bonds are there & what are they?

A

•4

  • hydrogen
  • covalent
  • Van der Waals
  • ionic
21
Q

What are properties of water?

A
  • atoms joined by polar covalent bonds

* v-shaped molecules

22
Q

Acid

A

•proton donor

23
Q

Base

A

•proton acceptor

24
Q

pH

A
  • term to express acidity

* measure derived from molarity

25
Q

Polymers

A
  • molecules made of identical/similar subunits (monomers)

* starch is polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers

26
Q

Monomer

A

•subunit that makes up polymers

27
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides (simple sugars-glucose/galactose/fructose)
  • disaccharides (sugars made of 2+ mono; sucrose/lactose/maltose)
  • polysaccharides (long chains of mono like 50+; glycogen/starch/cellulose)
28
Q

What types of lipids are present in human body?

A
  • fatty acids
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • eicosanoids
  • steroids
29
Q

Why are phospholipids considered amphipathic molecules?

A

•heads are hydrophilic while tails are hydrophobic

30
Q

Saturated fats

A
  • SATURATED (full) of hydrogen

* can’t carry more

31
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

•potential to carry more hydrogens (instead of adjacent carbons) due to double bonds

32
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A
  • formed by dehydration synthesis

* joins amino group of 1 amino acid to carbonyl group of the next

33
Q

How many levels are there of protein structure & what are they?

A

•4

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quarternary
34
Q

Primary structure

A

•protein’s sequence of amino acids (encoded in genes) joined by peptide bonds

35
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • coiled/folded shape
  • hydrogen bonds

Most common shapes…
•alpha helix-spring
•beta sheet-paper folded into fan

36
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  • formed by more bending/folding of proteins

* ball of yarn

37
Q

Quarternary Structure

A

•association of 2+ polypeptide chains ionic bonds

38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

•protein functioning as biological catalysts

39
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

•bind to substrate & transform them

40
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A
  • lipids

* proteins

41
Q

What kind of lipids are in the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipids

* glycolipid

42
Q

What kind of proteins are in the plasma membrane?

A
  • integral: penetrate into/through phospholipid layer
  • transmembrane: proteins that pass completely through phospholipid layer
  • peripheral: don’t protrude into/embed in phospholipid layer but adhere to 1 face of membrane
43
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • net movement of particles from high to low concentration

* substances diffuse down their concentration gradient

44
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • temperature
  • molecular weight
  • steepness of concentration gradient
  • membrane surface area
45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

•net flow of water from 1 side of selectively permeable membrane to the other

46
Q

What is the role of aquaporins in osmosis?

A
  • speed up osmosis cause they’re made for water

* allow water to “pour in”

47
Q

What is tonicity?

A

•ability of solution to affect fluid volume & pressure in cells

48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

•network of protein filaments & cylinders that structurally support cell/determine shape/organize contents/direct movements

49
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • little network within cell

* connected channels

A&P (11 decks)

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