•give rise to all of body’s mature tissues 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm

outer layer gives rise to epidermis & nervous system

middle layer loosely organized cells wispy collagen fibers & fibroblasts

sheet of closely adhering cells (1+ cells thick) upper surface (usually) exposed to environment/internal space in body on top of loose connective tissue layer no room for blood vessels ``` Functions: •protection •secretion •excretion •absorption •filtration •sensation ``` ``` Location: •epidermis •digestive tract inner lining •liver •other glands ```

produces protective mucous coatings over mucous membranes wineglass shaped found in simple columnar & pseudostratified columnar

2-20+ layers of cells only deepest layer attached to basement membrane & cells stacked on top ``` 4 types: •stratified squamous •stratified cuboidal •stratified columnar epithelia •transitional epithelium ```

no surface layer of dead cells surface = abrasion-resistant but moist/slippery Found in: •tongue •esophagus •vagina

Chapter 5 Flashcards by Hope Bollin

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

•study of tissues & how they’re arranged into organs

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Matrix (extracellular material)

surrounds the cell
fibrous proteins

Other names:
•ground substance
•tissue fluid
•ECF (extracellular fluid)
•interstitial fluid
•tissue gel

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Primary germ layers

•give rise to all of body’s mature tissues

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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Ectoderm

outer layer

* gives rise to epidermis & nervous system

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Endoderm

innermost layer

* gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive & respiratory tracts & to digestive glands

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Mesoderm

middle layer
loosely organized cells
wispy collagen fibers & fibroblasts

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Epithelial tissue

sheet of closely adhering cells (1+ cells thick)
upper surface (usually) exposed to environment/internal space in body
on top of loose connective tissue layer
no room for blood vessels

Functions:
•protection
•secretion
•excretion
•absorption
•filtration
•sensation

Location:
•epidermis
•digestive tract inner lining
•liver
•other glands

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Simple epithelium

•generally 1 layer of cells

4 types:
•simple squamous
•simple cuboidal
•simple columnar
•pseudostratified columnar

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Simple/Stratified squamous

•thin scaly cells

Stratified-most widespread epithelium in body

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Simple/Stratified cuboidal

•squarish or round cells

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Simple/Stratified columnar

•tall narrow cells

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Pseudostratified columnar

not all cells reach surface (shorter covered by taller cells)
looks layered but all cells touch basement membrane

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Goblet cells

produces protective mucous coatings over mucous membranes
wineglass shaped
found in simple columnar & pseudostratified columnar

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Stratified epithelia

2-20+ layers of cells
only deepest layer attached to basement membrane & cells stacked on top

4 types:
•stratified squamous
•stratified cuboidal
•stratified columnar epithelia
•transitional epithelium

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Keratinized (cornified)

found in epidermis
covered w/layer of dead compressed cells
filled w/keratin
coated w/water-repellant glycolipid

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Nonkeratinized

no surface layer of dead cells
surface = abrasion-resistant but moist/slippery

Found in:
•tongue
•esophagus
•vagina

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What are 4 broad categories of tissue?

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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Organ

•structure w/discrete boundaries made of 2+ tissues

Tissue

•groups of similar cells/cell products that arise from same region of embryo & work together for structural/physiological role

Connective tissue

tissue w/more matrix than cell volume
most connectives tissue cells not directly connected (separated by extracellular material)
many blood vessels (highly vascular)
most abundant, widely distributed, & histologicay variable of primary tissues

Functions:
•supports organs
•binds organs
•protects organ
•immune protection
•movement
•storage
•heat production
•transportation

Location:
•tendons
•ligaments
•cartilage
•bone
•blood

Nervous tissue

•contains excitable cells for rapid code transmission

Location:
•brain
•spinal cord
•nerves

Muscular tissue

•made of elongated/excitable muscles for contraction

Location:
•skeletal muscles
•heart
•viscera walls

What are 2 types of stratified squamous epithelia?

keratinized

* nonkeratinized

What do fibroblasts produce?

fibers

* ground substance

What is a leukocyte?

•white blood cell

Where are triglycerides (fat molecules) stored?

•adipocytes

What are 3 types of protein fibers?

* collagenous * reticular * elastic

Collagenous fibers

* most abundant protein in body (25%) * tough * flexible * resist stretching Location: •tendons •ligaments •dermis (deep layer of skin)

Reticular fibers

•framework of spleen & lymph nodes

Elastic fibers

* made of elastin protein | * allows stretch/recoil

What is ground substance made of?

* glycosaminoglycans (GAG) * proteoglycan * adhesive glycoproteins

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

* long polysaccharide made of unusual disaccharides (amino sugars & ironic acids) * chondroitin sulfate (most abundant form of GAG) in blood vessels/bones; make cartilage stiff

Proteoglycan

* forms colloids creating structural bond between cell & extracellular macromolecules * holds tissues together

Adhesive glycoproteins

•bind tissue components together

What are the types of fibrous connective tissue?

* loose connective * dense connective * areolar * reticular * dense regular connective * dense irregular connective

Adipose tissue

* fat * stores energy * cushions * insulates

Cartilage

* supportive connective tissue w/flexible/rubbery matrix * ear, nose, larynx * chondroblasts * chondrocytes * perichondrium * no blood vessels (diffusion does nutrients/waste; slow healing) * matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate & has collagen fibers

Chondroblasts

* produces matrix | * surround themselves until trapped in cavities (lacunae)

Chondrocytes

•cartilage cells in lucanae

Perichondrium

* sheath of sense irregular connective | * surrounds elastic & most hyaline cartilage

What types of cartilage are there?

* hyaline * fibrocartilage * elastic

What are the 2 forms of osseous tissue?

* Spongy bone | * Compact bone

Spongy bone

* delicate struts of bone (trabeculae) * covered by compact bone Location: •heads of long bonds •middle of flat bones (sternum)

Compact bone

* complex arrangement | * cells & matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones