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A&P > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

A

•study of tissues & how they’re arranged into organs

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2
Q

Matrix (extracellular material)

A
  • surrounds the cell
  • fibrous proteins
Other names:
•ground substance
•tissue fluid
•ECF (extracellular fluid)
•interstitial fluid
•tissue gel
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3
Q

Primary germ layers

A

•give rise to all of body’s mature tissues

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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4
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • outer layer

* gives rise to epidermis & nervous system

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5
Q

Endoderm

A
  • innermost layer

* gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive & respiratory tracts & to digestive glands

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6
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle layer
  • loosely organized cells
  • wispy collagen fibers & fibroblasts
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7
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • sheet of closely adhering cells (1+ cells thick)
  • upper surface (usually) exposed to environment/internal space in body
  • on top of loose connective tissue layer
  • no room for blood vessels
Functions:
•protection
•secretion
•excretion
•absorption
•filtration
•sensation
Location:
•epidermis
•digestive tract inner lining
•liver
•other glands
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8
Q

Simple epithelium

A

•generally 1 layer of cells

4 types:
•simple squamous
•simple cuboidal
•simple columnar
•pseudostratified columnar
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9
Q

Simple/Stratified squamous

A

•thin scaly cells

Stratified-most widespread epithelium in body

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10
Q

Simple/Stratified cuboidal

A

•squarish or round cells

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11
Q

Simple/Stratified columnar

A

•tall narrow cells

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12
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A
  • not all cells reach surface (shorter covered by taller cells)
  • looks layered but all cells touch basement membrane
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13
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • produces protective mucous coatings over mucous membranes
  • wineglass shaped
  • found in simple columnar & pseudostratified columnar
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14
Q

Stratified epithelia

A
  • 2-20+ layers of cells
  • only deepest layer attached to basement membrane & cells stacked on top
4 types:
•stratified squamous
•stratified cuboidal
•stratified columnar epithelia
•transitional epithelium
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15
Q

Keratinized (cornified)

A
  • found in epidermis
  • covered w/layer of dead compressed cells
  • filled w/keratin
  • coated w/water-repellant glycolipid
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16
Q

Nonkeratinized

A
  • no surface layer of dead cells
  • surface = abrasion-resistant but moist/slippery

Found in:
•tongue
•esophagus
•vagina

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17
Q

What are 4 broad categories of tissue?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • nervous
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17
Q

Organ

A

•structure w/discrete boundaries made of 2+ tissues

18
Q

Tissue

A

•groups of similar cells/cell products that arise from same region of embryo & work together for structural/physiological role

18
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • tissue w/more matrix than cell volume
  • most connectives tissue cells not directly connected (separated by extracellular material)
  • many blood vessels (highly vascular)
  • most abundant, widely distributed, & histologicay variable of primary tissues
Functions:
•supports organs
•binds organs
•protects organ
•immune protection
•movement
•storage
•heat production
•transportation 
Location:
•tendons
•ligaments
•cartilage
•bone
•blood
18
Q

Nervous tissue

A

•contains excitable cells for rapid code transmission

Location:
•brain
•spinal cord
•nerves

18
Q

Muscular tissue

A

•made of elongated/excitable muscles for contraction

Location:
•skeletal muscles
•heart
•viscera walls

18
Q

What are 2 types of stratified squamous epithelia?

A
  • keratinized

* nonkeratinized

18
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A
  • fibers

* ground substance

18
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

•white blood cell

18
Q

Where are triglycerides (fat molecules) stored?

A

•adipocytes

19
Q

What are 3 types of protein fibers?

A
  • collagenous
  • reticular
  • elastic
20
Q

Collagenous fibers

A
  • most abundant protein in body (25%)
  • tough
  • flexible
  • resist stretching

Location:
•tendons
•ligaments
•dermis (deep layer of skin)

20
Q

Reticular fibers

A

•framework of spleen & lymph nodes

20
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • made of elastin protein

* allows stretch/recoil

21
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A
  • glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
  • proteoglycan
  • adhesive glycoproteins
22
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

A
  • long polysaccharide made of unusual disaccharides (amino sugars & ironic acids)
  • chondroitin sulfate (most abundant form of GAG) in blood vessels/bones; make cartilage stiff
23
Q

Proteoglycan

A
  • forms colloids creating structural bond between cell & extracellular macromolecules
  • holds tissues together
24
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

•bind tissue components together

25
Q

What are the types of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • loose connective
  • dense connective
  • areolar
  • reticular
  • dense regular connective
  • dense irregular connective
26
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • fat
  • stores energy
  • cushions
  • insulates
27
Q

Cartilage

A
  • supportive connective tissue w/flexible/rubbery matrix
  • ear, nose, larynx
  • chondroblasts
  • chondrocytes
  • perichondrium
  • no blood vessels (diffusion does nutrients/waste; slow healing)
  • matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate & has collagen fibers
28
Q

Chondroblasts

A
  • produces matrix

* surround themselves until trapped in cavities (lacunae)

29
Q

Chondrocytes

A

•cartilage cells in lucanae

30
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • sheath of sense irregular connective

* surrounds elastic & most hyaline cartilage

31
Q

What types of cartilage are there?

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
32
Q

What are the 2 forms of osseous tissue?

A
  • Spongy bone

* Compact bone

33
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • delicate struts of bone (trabeculae)
  • covered by compact bone

Location:
•heads of long bonds
•middle of flat bones (sternum)

34
Q

Compact bone

A
  • complex arrangement

* cells & matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

A&P (11 decks)

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