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A&P > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A
  • DNA

* repository of genes (gene storage)

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • sugar
  • phosphate group
  • single/double ringed nitrogenous base
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3
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine
  • adenine
  • guanine
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4
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine

•single carbon-nitrogen ring

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5
Q

Purines

A
  • adenine
  • guanine

•double rings

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6
Q

Base pairs

A
  • A-T

* C-G

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7
Q

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

A

•1 strand governs base sequence of another strand

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

•DNA complexed w/proteins

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

•46 long chromatin filaments

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10
Q

Histones

A
  • disc shaped cluster of 8 proteins found on chromatin

* ”bead”

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11
Q

Nucleosomes

A

•”segments” of DNA

Made of…
•core particle (histone spool w/DNA ribbon around it)
•short linker DNA leading to next core particle

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12
Q

Sister chromatids

A
  • 2 parallel filaments in chromosome

* created when cell is going to divide

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13
Q

Centromere

A

•pinched spot where sister chromatids are joined

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14
Q

Kinetochore

A

•protein plaque in either side of centromere

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15
Q

Uracil

A
  • nitrogenous base specific to RNA

* replaces Thymine

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16
Q

What sugar does RNA use?

A

•ribose

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17
Q

What sugar does DNA use?

A

•deoxyribose

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18
Q

Gene

A
  • info containing segment of DNA

* codes for RNA molecule production

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19
Q

Genome

A

•all DNA in 1 chromosome set (23)

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20
Q

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

A

•various versions of nucleotides that change combinations to make people different

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21
Q

Genomics

A
  • comprehensive study of genome

* how genes/noncoding DNA affect structure & function

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22
Q

Genomic Medicine

A

•medical diagnosis & therapy for chromosomal disease-producing mutations

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23
Q

Proteome

A

•proteins made from same 20 amino acids but in millions of combos

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24
Q

Genetic code

A

•system where 4 nucleotides code for amino acid sequences of proteins

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25
Q

Base triplet

A

•sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stand for 1 amino acid

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26
Q

Codon

A

•3 base mRNA sequence

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27
Q

Stop codons

A
  • UAG
  • UGA
  • UAA

•signal end of message & stops protein making machine

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28
Q

Start codon

A
  • AUG

* starts protein maker

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29
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A
  • made when gene is activated
  • mirror image of gene
  • migrates: nucleus > cytoplasm
  • code to assemble amino acids
  • acquires cap during synthesis
    • acts like passport (pass nuclear pore to cytosol)
    • recognition site for ribosome to start translation
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30
Q

Protein Synthesis Process

A

DNA > mRNA > protein

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31
Q

In the protein synthesis process, what is the step from DNA to mRNA called?

A

•transcription

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32
Q

In protein synthesis process, what is the step from mRNA to protein called?

A

•translation

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33
Q

Transcription

A

•copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA

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34
Q

RNA polymerase

A

•enzyme that binds to DNA & assembles RNA

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35
Q

Translation

A

•nucleotide language to amino acid language

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36
Q

tRNA (translation)

A
  • relatively small RNA
  • binds free amino acids in cytosol & delivers to ribosome (added to protein chain)
  • single stranded molecule coils to form “L”
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37
Q

Anticodon

A

•series of 3 nucleotides complementary to specific mRNA codon

Example:
Codon- AUG
Anticodon- UAC

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38
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • reading machines

* in cytosol & on outside rER/nuclear envelope

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39
Q

What are the 2 pieces of inactive ribosomes that occur in cytosol?

A
  • small subunit

* large subunit

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40
Q

Small subunit & large subunit

A
  • made of several enzymes & rRNA

* join when translating mRNA

41
Q

What are the 3 steps of translation?

A

Initiation:
•mRNA through nuclear pore to cytosol & forms loop
•small ribosomal subunit binds to leader sequence near cap
•ides along mRNA to find start codon

Elongation:
•tRNA comes carrying amino acid
•binds to ribosome 
•anticodon pairs w/2nd mRNA codon
•if tRNA leaves site it get another amino acid
Termination:
•ribosome reaches stop codon
•site binds release factor protein (instead of tRNA)
•finished protein breaks away ribosome
•ribosome splits into 2 units
42
Q

How are proteins packaged/exported?

A

•ribosome socks on rER & protein spoils into cisterna of ER instead of cytosol

43
Q

Polyribosome

A

•cluster of ribosomes that translates same mRNA

44
Q

Chaperone

A
  • older protein

* guides new protein in folding & prevents association with wrong proteins

45
Q

Posttranslational modification

A

Enzyme modifications to protein such as…
•removing amino acid segments
•folding protein
•stabilizing protein w/disulfide bridges

Ex: insulin
•1st made 86 amino acids long
•then posttranslational modification happens
•chain folds on itself
•3 disulfide bridges formed
•35 amino acids removed from middle
•result-insulin molecule made of 2 chains (21 & 30 amino acids) held by disulfide bridges

46
Q

Transport vesicles

A
  • ”bubbles” pinched off rER after rER’s done w/protein

* Coates w/clathrin protein (helps choose what proteins to transport)

47
Q

Golgi vesicles

A
  • contain finished protein

* comes from Golgi cisterna

48
Q

Secretory vesicles

A
  • some Golgi vesicles becomes secretory vesicles
  • migrate to plasma membrane & fuse to it (releasing cell product by exocytosis)

Ex:
•how salivary gland cell secretes mucus/digestive enzymes

49
Q

Regulatory protein

A

•transcription activator

50
Q

DNA helicase

A

•enzyme that opens 1 segment of helix at a time (like a zipper)

51
Q

What do you call the long where DNA opens up (like 2 halves of a zipper)?

A

•replication fork

52
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • enzyme that…
    • moves along helix strands
    • reads bases
    • matches with completing nucleotides
53
Q

DNA ligase

A

•enzyme that joins DNA segments

54
Q

Semiconservative replication

A
  • process where…
    • 1 parental DNA makes 2 daughter DNA
    • daughter DNA made of 1 new helix made from nucleotides & 1 old helix conserved from parent DNA
55
Q

Mutations

A
  • changes in DNA structure

* happen in replication errors or environmental factors (radiation/chemicals/viruses)

56
Q

G1 (first gap phase)

A
  • time between cell division & DNA replication

* cell makes proteins/grows/completes tasks/get materials for DNA

57
Q

S (synthesis phase)

A
  • cell duplicates centrioles & nuclear DNA

* cell does semiconservative replication

58
Q

G2 (second gap phase)

A
  • time between DNA replication & cell division
  • cell…
    • grows
    • makes organelles
    • finishes centriole replication
    • makes enzymes
    • checks exactness of DNA replication
    • repairs errors
59
Q

M (mitotic phase)

A

•cell relocated nucleus & pinched into 2 daughter cells

60
Q

Interphase

A
  • G1, S, G2 phases

* time between M phases

61
Q

G0 (G-zero phase)

A

•resting cells that stop division

62
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
63
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense & nuclear envelope breaks down
  • centrioles grow spindle fibers
  • centrioles migrate to opposite cell poles
64
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line in middle of cell

* spindle fibers attach to kinetochore

65
Q

Anaphase

A
  • centromeres divide in 2

* spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles

66
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes gather at poles
  • chromatin decondenses
  • new nuclear envelope at poles
67
Q

Growth factors

A
  • chemical signals from
    • blood platelets
    • kidney cells
    • other sources
68
Q

Contact inhibition

A

•cell division stopping due to contact w/other cells

69
Q

What is one characteristic of cancer?

A
  • lack of contact inhibition

* leads to uncontrolled cell division

70
Q

What are 2 key elements of the molecular timer that regulates the cell cycle?

A
  • cyclins

* cycling-dependent kinases (Cdks)

71
Q

Cyclins

A

•protein

72
Q

Cyclins-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

•proteins

73
Q

Heredity

A

•passing genetic characteristics (parent > kids)

74
Q

Karyotype

A

•chart of (all) 46 chromosomes in order by size (& other physical features)

75
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

•2 members of each pair of chromosomes

23 pairs

76
Q

Sex chromosomes

A
  • X
  • Y
  • determine sex
77
Q

Autosomes

A

•all chromosomes except sex chromosome

78
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

•any cell w/23 pairs

79
Q

Haploid (n)

A
  • sperm
  • eggs
  • only 23 unpaired chromosomes
80
Q

Germ cells

A
  • sperm
  • eggs
  • cells becoming sperm
  • cells becoming eggs
81
Q

Somatic cells

A

•any cell not a germ cell

82
Q

Locus

A

•location of gene chromosome

83
Q

Alleles

A
  • different forms of 1 gene

* produces alternative forms of traits

84
Q

Homozygous

A

•2 identical alleles (CC or cc)

85
Q

Heterozygous

A

•2 different alleles for a gene (Cc or cC)

86
Q

Genotype

A

•paired alleles that individual has for particular traits

87
Q

Phenotype

A

•observable trait

Ex:
•cleft or uncleft chin

88
Q

When do we say that an allele is expressed?

A

•if it’s an observable trait

89
Q

Carriers

A

•people who carry recessive allele & may pass it in but don’t phenotypically express it

90
Q

Can genes exist in 2+ allelic forms?

A

•yes; multiple alleles in gene pool

91
Q

Gene pool

A

•collective gene makeup

92
Q

Can alleles be equally dominant? If so what’s it called?

A
  • yes

* codominant

93
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

•2 different alleles are present so phenotype is between traits of each allele

94
Q

Polygenic (multiple-gene) inheritance

A

•genes in more than 1 spot contribute to 1 phenotypic trait

95
Q

Pleiotropy

A

•1 gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

96
Q

sex-linked traits

A

•carried through X or Y chromosome so usually only 1 sex or other

Ex:
•men more likely to be color blind

97
Q

Penetrance

A

•percentage of population w/given genotype that exhibits predicted phenotype

98
Q

Epigenetics

A

•heritable changes beyond genome level

99
Q

DNA methylation

A

•addition of methyl groups

A&P (11 decks)

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