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Test 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

When neurons are resting, what is the correct distribution of ions inside and outside of its membrane

A

More potassium ions and PROTEIN molecules inside, sodium and chloride ions outside

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2
Q

If potassium channels are blocked closed, the influence on membrane potentials will be

A

Less hyperpolarization

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3
Q

If the sodium channels are blocked closed, the influence in the membrane potentials will be

A

Lack of depolarization

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4
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the assembling of proteins

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

During its resting state, the neuron is ___compared to the outside

A

Negative (-70 mV)

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6
Q

The sodium potassium pump forces sodium ions _____the cell and potassium ions ____the cell

A

Out of

Into

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7
Q

What is a neurons threshold potential

A

-55mv

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8
Q

According to Descartes, the site at which the mind and body interacted in the brain was the

A

Pineal gland

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9
Q

fMRI direct or interest measure of neural activity

A

Indirect

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10
Q

what is the name of two types of glial cells which make up the myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

schwann

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11
Q

what is spatial summation and how does it help us compute or process information

A

spatial summation is when multiple inputs are added together and decide to fire a single output. it helps us sense our environment since there are multiple sensory stimuli going on around us at all times

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12
Q

what is ohms law, what are the different variables it represents

A

V=IR

voltage=current x resistance

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13
Q

stages of action potential

A

1-neuron is at “resting” membrane potential. Na/K pumps are on, making the inside of the neuron negative.

2-rising phase- characterized by rapid depolarization of the membrane. a stimulus crosses the neurons threshold, and depolarization occurs. Na+ floods into the cell and it becomes more positive

3-falling phase- K gates open in responce to depolarization and K+ starts to leave the cell. this starts to decrease cells charge back to negative.

4-undershoot-since potassium gates are open for a long time and K keeps leaving vell, it becomes more negative than resting potential. this is the refractory period.

5-since K pumps are leaky, K+ makes itsway back into the cell again to put it back at resting potential. Na+/K+pumps are on maintaining the negative charge of the neuron. Once the neuron is back to resting potential, it is abe to fire again

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14
Q

function of soma

A

body of cell. becomes positive during action potential. contains cytoplasm

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15
Q

termanal button function

A

transmitts synapses to outer post synaptic neurons. turns signal from electrical to chemical

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds things in place in cell body

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17
Q

axon

A

sends signals to other neurons. it does this by sending an electrical signal down to termanal buttons, which then send chemical signals to other neurons

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18
Q

nucleus

A

where DNA is stored. this is also where RNA forms

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19
Q

axon collateral

A

branch of axon so it communicates to more neurons

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20
Q

nodes of ranvier.

A

doesnt have myelin. actually speeds up signal traveling speed.

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21
Q

what drug delivery has the highest chance of meningitis

A

epidural injection

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22
Q

what drug delivery technique is the leaast effective per gram of psychoactive drug

A

oral pill every 4 hours

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23
Q

a drug that helps/enhances the action of neurotransmitter is called an

A

agonist

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24
Q

a drug that blocks/suppresses the action of a neurotransmitter is called an

A

antagonist

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25
Q

what is dopamine (DA) associated with

A

motor control/reward

26
Q

norepheriphine (NE) is associated with

A

mood appetite, vigalance

27
Q

NE psychoactive drug

A

tricyclic antidepressants and peyote

28
Q

Glutamate abbreviation

A

Glu

29
Q

Glutamate is associated with

A

memory

primary excitor NT

30
Q

serotonin abbreviation

A

5-HT

31
Q

serotonin is associated with

A

sleep/well being

32
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) is associated with

A

learning/memory

33
Q

acetylcholine drug

A

atropine

34
Q

what is the HPA axis

A

hypothalmus, pituitary, adrenial gland

35
Q

whats a naturally occuring neurotoxin and what does it do

A

tetroditoxin

puffer fish

blocks Na channels

36
Q

what is the primary function of the cranial nerves

A

5 senses

37
Q

what is a metabotropic receptor, how does it work

A

its a g-protein coupled receptor that has longer lasting effects than ionitropic receptors.

ligand binds to receptor, which activated g-protein, g protein moves across the inside of the membrane and then binds to effector protein to activate it. effetor protein can be a second messanger or ion gated channel. these are called metabotropic actions because they have widespread metabolism effects

38
Q

what are the 7 classes of drugs

A 
antianxiety/hypnotic sedatives
antipsychotics
antidepressants
mood stabalizers
narcotics
psychomotor stimulants
psychedelics/hallucinogens
39
Q

antianxiety/barbituate subclass of drugs/functions

A

benzodiazepines-relieves anxiety

barbituates-tranqualizers

40
Q

function of antipsychotic drugs

A

phenotiazine-allieviates schitzophrenia symptoms

41
Q

subclass of antidepressants

A

atypical antidepressants
tricyclics
MAO inhibitors

42
Q

mood stabilizers function

A

mostly helps with mania in bipolar disorder

-subtype-lithium

43
Q

psychomotor stimulants

A

drugs that cause a general increase in the metabolic activity of cells

subtypes-
amphetamines
cocaine
coffee

44
Q

psychedelics subtypes

A

anticholinegics (atropine)
serotoninegics
norephripinegics(pyote)
tetrehydrocanniboids

45
Q

microtubial function

A

transport substances to terminal

46
Q

synaptic vessicle function

A

stores NT

47
Q

storage grandule

A

stores synaptic vessicles

48
Q

transporter gated ion channel function

A

recieves NTs from presynaptic cell

how neurons communicate

49
Q

Importance of ohms law

A

By having a barrier where there’s an unequal amount of ions, we are setting up a concentration gradient that nature doesn’t like. We open and close ion channels to keep this gradient potential energy is created by this unequal gradient

50
Q

How does PET work

A

Using radioactive sugar

51
Q

How does mri/fmri work

A

Measuring blood oxygen. Radiation is measured by making water molecules face a certain way for a fraction of a second

52
Q

Where is DA produced

A

Ventral tegmentum- reward

Substantial nigra-movement

53
Q

Where is ACh produced

A

Midbrain nuclei

54
Q

What does the noradergic system control

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

Produced in locus coreus

55
Q

Where is serotonin produced

A

Range nuclei

56
Q

What does nitric oxide do

A

It’s gas generated by all your body tissues, muscles and organs. It commands your arteries to relax or dialate

57
Q

What medications deal with nitric oxide

A

Nitoglycerin

Viagra

58
Q

ca causes NT to be released through…

A

Exocytosis

59
Q

What drugs can be taken without food

A

Covalent bonded drugs

60
Q

What drugs need to be taken with food

A

Polar bonded drugs

61
Q

What can pass the blood brain barrier (made of endothelial cells)

A

Small uncharged molecules

Advanced Neuro (10 decks)

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