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Advanced Neuro > Chapter 12 Vocab And Packet > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Vocab And Packet Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal segments

A

One set of dorsal and ventral roots plus the portion of spinal chord related to them

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2
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by perennial nerve fibers originating from a single dorsal root

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3
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

An ascending somatic sensory pathway that mediates info about touch, pressure, vibration and limb proprioception

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4
Q

Dorsal column

A

A white matter tract on the dorsal side of spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptice axons to brain stem

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5
Q

Dorsal column nuclei

A

One pair of nuclei locates In the posterior medulla

Target of dorsal column axons

Meditating touch and proprioceptice input from limbs and trunk

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6
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

White matter tract on the somatic sensory system carrying axons from dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus

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7
Q

Ventral root

A

A bundle of neuron actually be that emerge from ventral spinal cord and joins sensory fibers to form a spinal cord

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8
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Broadmanns area 3b locates in post central gurus

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9
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Posterior part of parietal love

Broadband area 5 and 7

Involved in visual and somatosensory integration and attention

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10
Q

Somatotopy

A

The topographic organization of somatic sensory pathways in which neighboring receptors in the skin feed into to neighboring cells in a target structure

Mapping of the bodies surface sensations into a structure in the brain

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11
Q

Agnosia

A

Causes inability to recognize objects even though simple sensory skills seem to be normal

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12
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Reduced threshold for pain

Or an increased response to painful stimuli

Spontaneous pain that follows localized injury

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13
Q

Analgesia

A

The absence of normal sensation of pain

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14
Q

Substantial geltinosa

A

Thin dorsal part of dorsal horn of the spinal cord that receives input from unmylinated C fibers important in the transmission of nociceptive signals

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15
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain that is perceived as coming from a site other than its true origin

Nociceptor activation within visceral organs is typically perceived as pain originating in skin or skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Spinothalmuc pathway

A

Travels from spinal cord to thalamus via the lateral spinothalmic columns

Mediates info about pain, temp, and some forms of touch

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17
Q

Periaquductal gray matter (PAG)

A

A region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the core of the midbrain

Has descending pathways that can inhibit the transmission of pain causing signals

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18
Q

Endorphins

A

One of many endogenous opioid peptides with actions similar to those of morphine

Present in many brain structures, particularly those related to pain

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19
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

A sensory receptor selective for temperature changes

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20
Q

Mast cells

A

Component of immune system activated by exposure to foreign substances

They release histamine

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21
Q

Histamine

A

Binds to specific cell surface receptors and cause membrane depolarization

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22
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

The conversion of mechanical stimuli to chemical stimuli

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23
Q

Proprioception

A

Awareness/perception of position and movement in body

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24
Q

What mediates itch and how

A

Histamine does. It binds to histamine receptors which activate TRPV1 channels

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25
Q

Nociceptors

A

Contain ion channels that are activated by stimulus that have the potential to cause tissue damage

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26
Q

How does pain begin

A

With peripheral chemical mediators of pain and hyperalgesia

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27
Q

Difference between first and second pain

A

First pain is fast, axons are myelinated

Second is slower and not as intense. They have unmylinated axons

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28
Q

Polynesian nociceptors

A

Respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli

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29
Q

Mechanical noreceptors

A

Responds to strong pressure

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30
Q

Thermal nociceptors

A

Response to burning heat or extreme cold

31
Q

Axons cross _____ for pain

A

Contralaterally

32
Q

Substance p

A

Synthesized by noteceptiors themselves

Cause release of histamine

33
Q

Where is substance p located most

A

Substantial gelatinosa

34
Q

Cause of secondary hypergesia

A

Sensation of other nociceptors around site of injury by substance p

35
Q

Spinothalmic pathway regulated _____. It’s pathway is ____

A

Pain and temp-
———-
Projects up spinal cord, through medulla, pins and midbrain without synapsing until they reach the thalamus

36
Q

Axons and touch contralateral or ipsilateral

A

Ipsilateral

37
Q

Pathway of spinothalmic pathway

A

Skin

Primary affront axons

Dorsal root ganglion

Spinal cord

Pass pins and midbrain and then synapse at thalamus

Primary S1 cortex

38
Q

Primary affrent axons

A

Send info about mechanical, thermal and chemical states of body

39
Q

Pathway for touch

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

Dorsal root axon

Dorsal column

Dorsal column nuclei

Medial lemniscus

Thalamus

Cerebral cortex

40
Q

Intralaminar nuclei

A

collections of neurons in the thalamus

Relay nociception info to cortex

41
Q

Melzak and walls gate theory of pain

A

Activity in nonnoficeltive mechanoreceptors cal suppress or close the “gate” on nociceptive signals before they can proceed to the spinothalmic tract

(If mechanoreceptors fires fast, it activates internehron and suppress nociceptive signals)

42
Q

What can depress activity of nociceptive neurons

A

PAG

43
Q

what does PAG do

A

It can influence the medulla through modulating nociceptive info through spinal chord

44
Q

Where are most endorphins concentrated

A

Areas that process and modulate noviceptive info

45
Q

What is the hot receptor protein

A

TRPV1

46
Q

what is the cold receptor

A

TRM8

47
Q

TRN8 and TRPV1 are responsive to

A

Methol

Capsaicin

48
Q

Defending pain pathway

A

PAG (in midbrain)

Ralph nuclei (in medulla)

Dorsal horn (in spinal cord)

49
Q

When are differences between response rates of warm and cold greatest

A

After temperature change

50
Q

When do thermoreceptors adapt

A

During long duration stimuli

51
Q

Touch vs pain

A

Touch transfers sensation fast/pain is slow.

Pain has only free nerve endings

52
Q

What does shingles infect

A

Perennial somatic nerve

53
Q

What relays nociception information to the cortex

A

Ventral posterior thalamus

Intralaminar nuclei

54
Q

What do afferent nerve fibers do

A

Take sensory info from external environment and transmit it to CNS

mechanoreceptors are afferent nerve fibers

55
Q

Main tout which temperature and pain information ascend to cerebral cortex

A

Spinothalmic pathway

56
Q

Junction of spinal cord and medulla

A

Dorsal column nuclei

57
Q

Where do primary affrent axons enter spinal cord through

A

Dorsal root

58
Q

Where are cell bodies of primary affrent axons

A

Dorsal root ganglion

59
Q

Step by step pathway of touch

A

Touch receptors

Dorsal column/medulla

Thammus (VP)

S1 cortex

60
Q

What do rats use to sense their environment

A

Vibrissae

61
Q

How does hair contribute to touch

A

Bending of hair causes deformation of follicle and surrounding skin tissue

62
Q

Where do hairs grow from

A

Follicle

63
Q

Each follicle is richly innervated by

A

Nerve endings

64
Q

Left visual field is viewed by

A

Right hemisphere

65
Q

Right side of visual field

A

Is viewed by left hemisphere

66
Q

What are the other two names for primary visual cortex

A

Broadband area 17

Occipital love

67
Q

Glaucoma is when..

A

Eye pressure is too high

68
Q

Adaption of mechanoreceptors equals….

A

How fast they send action potentials

69
Q

Right side of retina picks up on

A

Left visual hemisfeild

70
Q

Left side of retina picks up on

A

Right visual hemisfeild

71
Q

How do we have binocular vision

A

Through crossing of visual hemisfeilds

72
Q

Where does touch synapse for first time

Where does pain synapse for first time

A

Dorsal column nuclei -touch

Thalamus-pain

73
Q

Signal secretion theory events

A

Stimulus event

Neural activity

Comparison with personal standard
Action/no action

Advanced Neuro (10 decks)

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