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Advanced Neuro > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

How many rods do we have

A

100 million

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2
Q

How many cones do we have

A

5-6 million

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3
Q

Number of ganglion cells

A

1.5 million

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4
Q

What does vision during the day rely on

A

Cones because rods are saturated/hyperpolarized

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5
Q

Kinda of cells in visual cortex

A

Simple cells

Complex cells

Hyper complex cells

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6
Q

Simple cells

A

Have excitatory and inhibitory areas

Respond most to lines or bars or oriented light

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7
Q

Complex cells

A

Has no fixed excitatory or inhibitory areas

Respond most to a moving bar or line in visual field

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8
Q

Hyper complex cells

A

Primary stimuli is a moving bar of light like the complex cells, except the bar has an end

Located in v1 and v2

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9
Q

Near sighted

A

Myopia

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10
Q

Far sighted

A

Hyperopia

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11
Q

Dark current

A

Movement of positive charge across membrane when dark

It’s regulated my cGMP (second messanger that gates Na channels)

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12
Q

Phototransduction in rods steps

A

Light activated G protein

Activated effector enzyme

Membrane ion channels close

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is released when photoreceptors are depolarized

A

Glutamate

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14
Q

Where is top part of visual field located on brain

A

Lower part of occipital lobe

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15
Q

Steps of seeing

A

Light reflected or emitted by object images onto retina

Converts into Vm changes by photoreceptors

Converts into chemical signal (glutamate)

Converted back to electrical signals in bipolar and horizontal cells

Ultimately changed into AP firing in ganglion cells

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16
Q

What are nonthalmuc targets of the optic tract

A

Hypothalamus (four f)

Pretectum (pupil dialatoon)

Superior colliculus (visual orienting)

17
Q

What does visual orienting

A

Superior colliculus

18
Q

What controls pupil dilation

A

Pretectum

19
Q

What is it called when one eye is blind

A

Monocular blindness

20
Q

What is it called when lateral sides of both eyes are blind

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

21
Q

What is it called when nasal side of right eye is blind

A

Right nasal hemianopia

22
Q

What is it called when there’s blindness on left visual field

A

Homonymous hemianopia

23
Q

What is it called when top left (or both right) parts of both eyes are blind

A

Quadrant anopia

24
Q

What is it called when left (or right) visual field is blind with macula still able to see

A

Macular sparing

25
Q

What does it mean when one eye dialates and not the other

A

There’s brains stem damage. Neuron in brain stem control muscles that construct pupil in both eyes.

26
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

Smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect

27
Q

Weber’s law

A

Brighter the light, the more change in brightness is required for us to be able to notice a difference

28
Q

A process that makes sensory patterns more meaningful and more elaborate

A

Perception

It selects organized and interprets sensory signals

29
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Perceptual judgment as a combination of sensation and decision making processes

30
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing.

31
Q

What fluid is in between cornea and iris

A

Aqueous humor

32
Q

What liquid is in between lens and retina

A

Virteous humor

33
Q

Point where no photoreceptors exist

A

Blind spot/optic disc

34
Q

What is the membrane voltage of rod in complete darkness

A

-30mV

35
Q

Where is LGN located

A

Dorsal thalamus

36
Q

How many layers does the LGN have

A

6

37
Q

Where are perennial areas of vision located

A

More anteriorly

38
Q

Another name for visual cortex

A

Striate cortex

39
Q

Signal detection theory

A

States that perpetual judgment is a combination of sensation and decision making processes

Stimulus event

Neural activity

Comparison with personal standard

Action (or no action)

Advanced Neuro (10 decks)

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