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Review Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between plant and animal cell

A

Plants have cell wall-they’re hard

Animals have a lipid bilayer. They need a flexible semi-permeable Wall

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2
Q

How do cells get energy

A

aerobic respiration (without oxygen)

Aerobic respiration (with oxygen)

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3
Q

Function of glia cells

A

Insulating, supporting and nourishing neighbor neurons

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4
Q

How does mitochondria produce ATP

A

Keen cycle

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5
Q

Gene expression

A

Reading of dna. It’s final product is proteins

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6
Q

What carries messages to the sites of protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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7
Q

Where is the most rough ER in the body

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Where does protein synthesis happen

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Where are ribosomes located

A

Membrane bound in rough ER

floating in cytoplasm

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10
Q

Protein synthesis phases

A

DNA uncoils to expose a gene sequence of neucliotide bases that form codes for protein

mRNA leaves nucleus and comes in contact with ribosomes in the ER

mRNA binds to ribosome

Ribosome translates mRNA to assemble a protein molecule

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sorting of certain proteins that for delivery to different parts of neuron

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12
Q

KREB cycle

A

When ADP yields ATP

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13
Q

Neuronal membrane

A

Serves as barrier for cytoplasm inside the neuron

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14
Q

What is waste of Golgi apparatus used for

A

To repair cell

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15
Q

What did Golgi believe

A

The brain was one big structure

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16
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenisine

Tri

Phosphate

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17
Q

What does mitochondria have folds

A

To increase surface area

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18
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive incoming signals

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19
Q

Axon hilliock

A

Determines if action potential fires or not

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20
Q

What kinds of glia are there

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendroglial

Schwann cells

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21
Q

Myelin. What kind of glia cells form these and what’s their purpose

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

Increase speed of propagation of nerve impulses down axon

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22
Q

What’s the most numerous kind of glia

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Difference in electrical charge across membrane

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24
Q

Why are electrons key factor in neuroscience

A

The amount of electrons in an ion determine it’s positive or negative charge. Which is important for action potentials

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25
Q

Ions critical tocell function

A

Na+
k+
ca2+
Cl-

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26
Q

Ionic bonds are strong except in ——-

A

A biologically relevant solvent (like water)

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27
Q

Covalent bonds are mostly in

A

Stable biological molecules such as DNA RNA, proteins, phospholipids, sugars, etc

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28
Q

When two atoms share a pair of electrons

A

Covalent bond

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29
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in a covalent bond

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30
Q

Non Polar covalent bond

A

Equally shared electrons due to similar or identical electronegativities

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31
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

When one atom in a bind is more electronegative, it attracts more strongly l, creating a particle charge on the atoms involved

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32
Q

What dissolves ionic bonds

A

Water

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33
Q

Lipid bilayer head and tail

A

It has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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34
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Separated extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid

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35
Q

Hydrophilic head

A

Has polar regions

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36
Q

Hydrophobic tail

A

Has no polar regions

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37
Q

Phosphate groups of lipid bilayer

A

Bind to water

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38
Q

Fatty acid tails of lipid bilayer

A

Have no binding sites to water

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39
Q

Axon collateral

A

Part of axon that splits off to connect to different parts of the brain

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40
Q

Dendritic spine

A

Enhances connection and makes it easier for dendrites to pick up on chemical signal

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41
Q

Ohms law

A

V=(I)(R)

V-potential

I-amount of current that will flow

R-resistance

42
Q

Ratio of K

A

Out-1

In-20

43
Q

eIon of k

A

-80 mv

44
Q

Na ratio out vs in

A

Out-10

In-1

45
Q

Ca2+ ratio

A

Out-10,000

In-1

46
Q

eIon of Na

A

62 mV

47
Q

eIon of Ca2+

A

123 mV

48
Q

Cl- ratio

A

11.5-our

1-in

49
Q

EIon of Cl-

A

-65 mV

50
Q

Who made the chart of ratios for ions

A

Hodgkin and Huxley

51
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Gives neuron it’s shape

It’s constantly regulated and constantly moving and changing shape

52
Q

Three types of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

Neurofillament

Microfillament

53
Q

What changes the neurons shape

A

Polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules

54
Q

The neuron doctrine

A

The brain is made up of individual units, the neuron. Neurons are electrochemical information processing units

55
Q

Channels and gates

A

Channels

56
Q

Channels vs pumps

A

Pumps generate membrane potential by going against concentration gradient

Channels allow ions to flow between concentration gradients

57
Q

Nodes of ranvier function

A

Ok allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon.

58
Q

Neurons use the phospholipid bilayer to…

A

Make a concentration gradient of important ions, thus storing energy for use in action potentials

59
Q

V=IR

A

Ohms law

Voltage-bolts

Current (amps)

Resistance (ohms)

60
Q

Goldman equation

A

Answers the question-what if there is an unequal distribution of more than one job across a membrane that is permeable to multiple ions

61
Q

Tetrodotoxin TTX

A

Binds Na+ channels closed

62
Q

Batrachotoxin

A

Binds Na+ channels open

63
Q

What are voltage gates channels and why do they open

A

Ion channels that open because of change in membrane potential

They are selective for ion charge and size

That have an additional gate that responds to change in membrane voltage

64
Q

Na gated channels can’t be opened until…

A

Membrane potential returns to a negative value near threshold o

65
Q

What is the resting equilibrium potential for a neuron

A
  • 67 mV (calculated)

- 70 mV (measured)

66
Q

Steps of action potential

A

Na channels open when threshold of excitation release, Na begins to enter cell

K channels open, k begins to leave cell

Na channels become refractory, no more Na enters cell

K continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting levels

K channels close, Na channels reset

Extra K outside diffuses away

67
Q

What is the falling phase of a action potential caused by

A

Outward potassium current

68
Q

What’s the rate limit which a neuron can generate an action potential

A

1000 per second or 1000 hz

69
Q

ESPS

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

70
Q

Temporal summation

A

Several EPSPs add together to reach threshold

71
Q

Spatial summation

A

EPSP add together simultaneously to reach threshold (more than one sense activated)

Some are excitatory and some are inhibitory
This leads to information computation

72
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Jumping between nodes of ranvier

73
Q

Dendrites spines

A

Enhances connection and make it easier for dendrites to pick up a chemical signal

74
Q

Ionitropic action

A

Uses ion channels to directly open gate

75
Q

Metabotropic action

A

Sets off second messenger to set off reaction

76
Q

What causes NT to be released through exocytosis

A

Ca2+

77
Q

What’s the difference between G protein and ion gated channels

A

G proteins sustain for a long time

78
Q

Properties of Na gated channels

A

Open with little delay

Stay open for 1msecond then close (inactive)

Cannot be reopened until membrane potential returns to a negative value near threshold

79
Q

What is saltatory conductance

A

Jumping between nodes of ranvier

80
Q

If you wanted to study the structure of an untrue neuron, which stain would you use

A

Golgi stain

81
Q

What protein provides the legs of retrograde transport

A

Dynein

82
Q

What is the composition of cytosol

A

Potassium rich solution

83
Q

What is the process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains information about a gene

A

Transcription

84
Q

Cytoarchitecture is the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain: how can cytoarchitecture be visualized

A

Nissl stain

85
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

The elementary functional unit of all animal tissue is the individual cell

86
Q

What occurs in polymerization of microtubials

A

Joining of small proteins called tublin

87
Q

What are all thin tubes that extend away from the soma

A

Neurites

88
Q

What term refers to branches of an axon that return to communicate with a call that had given rise to them

A

Recurrent collaterals

89
Q

What makes the structure of neurofillimants particularly strong

A

Strands are ropelike

90
Q

RNA splicing removes bits of the DNA transcript that cannot be used for protein coding. What happens to bits of unused transcript

A

Introns are removed

91
Q

Why do elevations of K in the blood have serious physiological consequences despite the blood brain barrier and spatial buffering

A

Muscle cells are not protected from increase in potassium

92
Q

What kind of protein structure does alpha helix represent

A

Secondary structure

93
Q

How is information transmitted by action potentials in the nervous system analogous to Morse code

A

Information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses

94
Q

What is the gold mans equation

A

A mathematical formula that takes into consideration the relative permeability of the membrane to different ions

95
Q

What molecular arrangement in the phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier to water solvable ions

A

The hydrophilic head face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other

96
Q

how many molecules thich is the sheet of phosphoipids that form the neuronal cell membrane

A

two molecules thick

97
Q

what do the measurements from a microlectrode reveal

A

the membrane potential

98
Q

what cells have an excitable membrane

A

nerve and muscle cells have excitable membranes capable of generating and conduction action potentials

99
Q

what influences ionic movement through membrane channels

A

diffusion and electricity

100
Q

what kind of protein structure does the alpha helix represent

A

secondary structure

101
Q

what is the goldman equation

A

mathmatical formula that takes into consideration the realitie permeability of the membrane to different ions

102
Q

how is info transmitted by action potentials in the nervous system analogous to mores code

A

info is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses

Advanced Neuro (10 decks)

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