brain control of movement

Question 1

top-down motor control

Answer 1

The brain controls both voluntary and

involuntary movements

Question 2

Axons from Motor Cortex (M1) descend along 2 major pathways, which are…

Answer 2

• Lateral

- Ventromedial

Question 3

Lateral Pathways subsets

Answer 3

Corticospinal
-ipsilateral
(human-specific)

Rubrospinal tract
-contralateral
(older structure)

Question 4

Corticospinal ipsilateral or counterlateral

Answer 4

ipsilateral

Question 5

Rubrospinal tract ipsilateral or counterlateral

Answer 5

counterlateral

Question 6

Vestibulospinal helps with

Answer 6

• eyes stable

- upright balance

Question 7

tectospinal tract helps….

Answer 7

up.
colliculus orient
head, trunk,
shoulders

Question 8

Humonculous:

Answer 8

distorted map of muscles of the contralateral side

Located at posterior end of Frontal lobe

Question 9

what codes the direction of movement:

Answer 9

motor cortex

Question 10

Donoghue & Sanes at Brown University

Answer 10

mapped motor nerves that controlled whisker
movements (purple), then lesioned some. The Motor map reorganized to later
controlling the forelimb (red) and eye movements (yellow)

Question 11

why does phantom limb pain happen

Answer 11

needs

feedback of unclamped hand

Question 12

Planning & Executing Complex Movements steps

Answer 12

Prefrontal (strategic) > Supplemental (tactical) > Premotor
(sequence) >
M1 (activation)

Question 13

Weinrich and Wise found that …

Answer 13

some neurons in an area of
macaque monkeys' area 6 cortex
(SMA, PMA) fire when the
monkeys planned to do things
like reach for or bite a peanut.

Question 14

Apraxia

Answer 14

inability to
perform complex (but not simple) movements -

Question 15

what results in apraxia

Answer 15

Lesions in Supplemental Motor Area

Question 16

mirror neurons

Answer 16

Premotor and
Supplementary Motor
Areas fired similarly
when they simply
observed the (intention)
of the same action

Question 17

mirror neurons are sensitive to …

Answer 17

intention of movement

they will fire even when the end behavior is blocked:

Question 18

what does basil ganglia control

Answer 18

force of movements

Question 19

what does cerebellum control

Answer 19

accuracy

Question 20

two basil ganglia diseases

Answer 20

Hypo kinesia (-)
e.g Parkinson’s

Hyper kinesia (+)
e.g. Huntington’s Chorea

Question 21

Hypo kinesia

Answer 21

parkinsons

Question 22

hyper kinesia

Answer 22

huntingtons chorea

Question 23

Parkinson’s results in

Answer 23

3-5Hz resting tremor

Question 24

Huntington’s Chorea

Answer 24

coordinated movements
Cerebellar damage (ataxia) results in intention tremor

Question 25

alleviate Basal Ganglia

symptoms in Tourette’s Syndrome

Answer 25

Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 26

Where do feedback loops go to

Answer 26

Basil ganglia and cerebellum

Question 27

What are the two major pathways that go down from M1

Answer 27

Lateral

Ventromedial

Question 28

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 28

Contrast of one set of muscles accompanied by the relaxation of their antagonistic muscles

Question 29

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 29

Acts like sensitive strain gauge

Modulates muscle tension and forces contraction

Located at junction of muscle and tendon

Question 30

What are Golgi tendon organs innervated by

Answer 30

1b sensory axons

These axons the. Enter spinal cord and synapse at 1b inhibitory interneurons in the centeral horn

Question 31

How does the muscle protect itself from being overloaded

Answer 31

Golgi modulates muscle tension by activating 1b sensory axons

1b interneurons from inhibitory connections with alpha motor neurons that innervate the same muscle

Question 32

Where does most input to alpha neurons com from

Answer 32

Interneurons of spinal cord

Question 33

Where are most interneurons found

Answer 33

Grey column

Question 34

Interneuron function

Answer 34

Create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory and motor neurons

Help with reflexes

Question 35

1a axons

Answer 35

Detect changes in muscle length

Question 36

Propreoceptors

Answer 36

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.

Question 37

Proreception

Answer 37

How our body is positioned and moving in space

Question 38

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

Answer 38

Between alpha motor and 1a axon

Called monosynaptic because only one synapse separates primary sensory input from motor neuron output

Stretching depolarizers mechanoreceptors and causes muscle to shorten

Question 39

The purpose of interneurons

Answer 39

They help reflexes

Some are excitatory and some are inhibitory

Question 40

Excitatory reflex

Answer 40

Flexor withdrawal reflex

Withdrawal from aversive stimulus

Question 41

Circuits that give rise to rhythmic motor activity

Answer 41

Central pattern generators

Question 42

Crossed extensor reflex

Answer 42

Another excitatory reflex

It’s when activation of extensor muscles on opposite side of pain. This puts more weight on the other limb so the limb with pain can withdrawal

Question 43

Premotor vs supplemental

Answer 43

premotor cortex-selecting motor programs based on visual stimuli or on abstract associations

supplementary motor area- selecting movements based on remembered sequences of movements.

Question 44

Steps for movement

Answer 44

Visual input
Frontal lobe motor area plans
Spinal cord carry info to ___
Motor neurons carry message from___

Sensory receptors on fingers send message to cortex saying that goal has been met