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Advanced Neuro > Spinal Control Of Movement > Flashcards

Spinal Control Of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of striated muscle

A

Cardiac

Skeletal muscle (run voluntary somatic motor system)

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2
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts

A

Either flexes or extends a joint

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3
Q

In skeletal muscles, flexors can either be…

A

Synergist

Antagonist (have extendors)

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4
Q

Nerve fibers split into two branches, which are called____before attaching to the spinal cord

A

Roots

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5
Q

Motor neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord innervate skeletal muscle fibers

A

Ventral horn

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6
Q

In the spinal cord, which parts are larger and why

A

Cervical (C3-T1) and Lumbar (L1-S-3) enlargements innervate the arms and legs, respectively

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7
Q

What is a motor unit

A

One alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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8
Q

Alpha Motor Neurons can have 3 inputs which are______

A
  1. ) Input from Upper Motor Neurons in Cortex
  2. ) Input from Muscle Spindles
  3. ) Input from Spinal Interneurons (central pattern generators CPG’s both + and -)
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Proprioceptive Feedback Muscle Spindles

A

Affects the degree of movement accuracy

Critical source of sensory feedback for standing balance

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10
Q

How is the organization of the eye and spinal cord similar

A

Like the retinotopic map in the eye, the spinal cord also maps the outside world

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11
Q

What neurotransmitter is released to help muscles contract

A

ACh

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12
Q

Where is ACh released

A

motor neuron on the end plate of the muscle.

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13
Q

How do muscle fibers contract

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin and makes the Actin and Myosin filaments slide and contract the muscle

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14
Q

What are the three types of motor units

A

Slow

Fast (fatigue-able)

Fast (fatigue resistant)

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15
Q

Activation of slow motor unit

A

10-20 Hz

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16
Q

Respiration type of slow motor unit

A

Aerobic

17
Q

Example of slow motor unit

A

Soleus

18
Q

Example of fast fatiguable muscle

A

Gastrocnemius

19
Q

Example of fast fatigue resistant muscle

A

Quadriceps

20
Q

Activation frequency of fast fatiguable muscle

A

30-60Hz

21
Q

Activation frequency of fast fatigue resistant motor unit

A

30-60hz

22
Q

Respiration type of fast fatigueable motor unit

A

Anerobic

23
Q

Respiration type of fast non fatiguable muscle

A

Mixed

24
Q

Eccles showed that….

A

Innervation can change the properties of muscles (but not vice versa)

crossing the fibers makes muscles change; Lomo believes changing firing frequency (e.g. 10-20 Hz to 30- 60 Hz) can do it!

25
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

an Autoimmune disease that interferes with the normal
workings of ACh receptors

– Characteristic eye and mouth drooping

26
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

occurs when the 7th cranial nerve becomes swollen within the bony canal that it passes through.

The cause for this is generally unknown but research has linked it to viral infections like herpes simplex, sarcoidosis, HIV and herpes zoster.

27
Q

Lou Gehrig’s Disease or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

the progressive degeneration of Alpha motor neurons (possibly related to Glu excitotoxicity)

28
Q

Monosynaptic Myotatic Stretch Reflex

A

Sudden stretch of a muscle leads to Muscle Spindle Discharge of 1a afferent neurons…

Alpha motor Neurons respond with contraction

29
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ Circuit

A

1b neurons INHIBIT the Alpha Motor Neurons of the same muscle

proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension. It protects against excessive muscle force.

30
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition of Flexors and Extensors

A

Spinal Interneurons mediate the Contraction and Inhibition of Flexors vs. Extensors (and vice versa)

31
Q

Crossed-Extensor Reflex

A

Spinal Interneurons mediate the contralateral Extension of limbs – the basis for Central Pattern Generators

reflex in which the contralateral limb compensates for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from painful stimulus in a withdrawal reflex.

32
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

Insimpleranimals(e.g.Crayfishandeels),spinal pattern generators control complex movement.

33
Q

1b affrent neurons

A

This interneuron makes an inhibitory synapse onto the alpha motor neuron that innervates the same muscle that caused the Ib afferent to fire.

34
Q

When tension is applied to a muscle, the _______ that innervate the Golgi tendon organ are activated.

A

Group Ib fibers

Advanced Neuro (10 decks)

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