Test 1 Flashcards
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
Dunning-Kruger Effect
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge.
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature refers to how genetics influence an individual’s personality, whereas nurture refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.
Mind-Body Problem
The ‘mind-body problem’ centers on whether the mind and the body are separate things or one and the same. There are two main competing theories, dualism and monism.
Dualism
The mind and the body are separate yet intertwined.
Monism
The mind and body are completely separate.
Functionalism
Functionalism is the theory that the human brain exist to serve a function, preserving life and adapting to environmental demands. The mind exists to help us survive.
Open Science Movement
A movement in recent years to improve the methods used in psychological science by making research plans and design more transparent, documenting failed studies, and sharing data.
Goals of Science
Description, Prediction, Explanation
Peer Review
Peer Review is a process by which other scientists with similar expertise evaluate and critique research reports.
Replication
Replication involves repeating a study to see if the results are the same (or similar).
False Positive
False positive occurs when the hypothesis is false but results are true by chance.
Questionable Research Practices
Small Samples
HARKing
p-hacking
Underreporting null effects
Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis is a type of study that, as its name implies, is an analysis of multiple analyses. In other words, it is a study of studies that have already been conducted.
Case Study
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context. For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment.
Participant Observation
A research methodology where the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants.
Naturalistic Observation
A research methodology where the observer is passive, remains separated from the situation, and makes no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior.
Construct Validity
Construct validity concerns how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable.
External Validity
The extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings, and measures.
Internal Validity
The extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.
Reliability
refers to the consistency of a measure
