POLI SCI TEST 2 Flashcards
A third party that offers intermediation services between two parties, which involves conveying messages between principals in a dispute. How people learn through politics is usually through this.
Intermediaries
informal polls conducted
in places like taverns, public meetings,
militia offices
Straw Poll
The selection of a sample from a population, when this selection is based on the principle of randomization, that is, random selection or chance.
Probability Sample
Our tendency to respond in ways that we feel are more appropriate or socially acceptable to others.
Social desirability bias
Beliefs that people have
Attitude
A set of ideas, beliefs, values, and principles that provide a framework for understanding and organizing political and social life.
Political Ideology
Refers to a strong and often uncritical loyalty and support for a particular political party or group.
Partisanship
Shortcut to help guide opinions
Heuristic
The cognitive process of selectively seeking out and interpreting information and evidence in a way that supports one’s pre-existing beliefs and values.
Motivated reasoning
the acceptance and coexistence of diverse groups, beliefs, and opinions within a society.
Pluralism
Special incentives or advantages offered by a group to its members in order to encourage their participation and loyalty.
Selective Benefits
The knowledge and insights gained by individuals or groups through their participation in a particular organization or community.
Informational Benefits
Tangible rewards, such as money, goods, or services, provided by an organization or group to its members in exchange for their participation or support.
Material Benefits
The emotional and psychological rewards that individuals or groups receive by being part of a community or organization that shares their values, beliefs, or interests, such as a sense of belonging, identity, and mutual support.
Solidarity Benefits
The satisfaction and sense of fulfillment that individuals or groups derive from contributing to a cause or achieving a common goal through their participation in a particular organization or community.
Purposive Benefits
Direct lobbying, refers to efforts by interest groups or organizations to influence policymakers directly through personal contacts and interactions.
Inside lobbying
Refers to efforts made by individuals or groups to influence public policy through activities such as campaigning, protesting, and communicating with lawmakers from outside the government.
Outside lobbying
Refers to political parties that have representation in the governing body of a country, such as the executive branch or legislative branch, and are responsible for enacting and implementing public policies.
Parties-in-government
Refers to the formal structures, institutions, and resources that political parties use to carry out their functions and activities, such as recruiting members, selecting candidates, fundraising, and mobilizing voters.
Parties-as-organization
Refers to the individuals who identify with and support a particular political party. This includes registered members of the party as well as non-members who may still vote for candidates affiliated with the party.
Parties-in-the-electorate
A political principle that suggests that electoral systems with single-member districts and winner-takes-all rules tend to lead to the dominance of two major political parties. This is because voters in such systems are incentivized to support one of the two strongest parties in order to avoid “wasting” their vote on a less competitive party, and smaller parties are often unable to gain enough support to win any seats.
Duverger’s Law
An electoral district in which only one representative is elected to serve in a legislative body.
Single member district
An electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a single-member district is elected to office.
First-past-the-post
Refers to the increasing ideological divide between political parties and the growing hostility and distrust between their supporters, fueled by emotional and identity-based factors rather than solely policy disagreements.
Affective polarization
The probability of an individual’s vote changing the outcome of an election is extremely low, yet people continue to vote because they perceive it as a civic duty or a means of expressing their political views.
Paradox of voting
A form of election in which voters look back at the performance of a party in power and cast ballots on the basis of how well it did in office.
Retrospective Voting
Refers to the use of paid media such as television, radio, and print to promote a political candidate, party, or message to a target audience in an attempt to influence their opinions or voting behavior.
Advertising
A political strategy used by elected officials to take credit for positive actions, policies, or achievements that benefit their constituents, in order to enhance their own public image and increase their chances of being reelected.
Credit claiming
Refers to a politician or party taking a clear and public stance on a particular policy issue in order to communicate their position to voters and distinguish themselves from their opponents.
Position Taking
Refers to the practice of a political leader or government official appealing directly to the public through media and other forms of communication in order to shape public opinion, pressure other political actors, and/or build public support for their agenda or policy proposals.
Going Public
A directive or regulation issued by the President of a country, usually as a means of implementing or interpreting laws or policies, without requiring approval from the legislative branch.
Executive Order
A legal theory that holds that the meaning of the United States Constitution should be interpreted based on its original intent and understanding at the time it was written, rather than being subject to reinterpretation or modification based on changing social or political norms.
Originalism
A legal theory that holds that the United States Constitution should be interpreted as a dynamic document that can adapt and evolve over time to reflect changing societal values, rather than being strictly bound by its original intent or text.
Living Constitution
A legal order issued by a higher court, such as the U.S. Supreme Court, to review and potentially overturn a lower court’s decision on a particular case.
Writ of certiorari
Refers to a principle of the United States Supreme Court that requires the agreement of at least four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari, which is a request to review a lower court’s decision.
Rule of Four
a legal principle that requires courts to follow the precedent set by previous court rulings when deciding similar cases.
Stare Decisis
Refers to the power of a court, particularly a supreme court, to review and potentially overturn laws or actions by the legislative or executive branches of government that are deemed unconstitutional or in violation of the law.
Judicial Review
