Chapter 6 Flashcards
Learning
A relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience.
Associative Learning
Linking two stimuli or events that occur together.
Non-associative learning
Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event.
Social Learning
Acquiring or changing a behavior after verbal instruction or exposure to another individual performing that behavior.
Habituation
A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Sensitization
An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
A type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response.
Unconditioned Response
A response is “unconditioned” because it is unlearned. It occurs without prior training and is an automatic behavior, such as some simple reflexes.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response without any previous training
Conditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response after training
Conditioned Response
A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that at first elicits no response.
Acquisition
The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
Extinction
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
When a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus.
Rescorla-Wagner Model
Learning model that holds that learning is determined by the extent to which an unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising.
Stimulus Generalization
the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations.
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
Law of Effect
Those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus.
Behaviorism
The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that some mental conditions are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
Negative Punishment
Removal of positive stimulus to decrease how much reaction occurs
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of unpleasant stimulus in order to increase how much reaction occurs
Positive Punishment
The addition of a stimulus to decrease how much a reaction occurs.
Positive Reinforcement
The addition of a stimulus to increase how much a reaction occurs
Punishment
A stimulus that follows behavior and decreases its likelihood
Reinforcer
A stimulus that follows behavior and increases its likelihood
Shaping
Reinforcing behaviors to produce a desired outcome
Temporal Discounting
An individual’s tendency to perceive a desired result in the future as less valuable than one in the present
Partial Reinforcement
The response is reinforced only part of the time.
Continuous Reinforcement
The repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens.
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect
Implies that learning under partial reinforcements is more robust than learning under full reinforcements
Equipotentiality
“The apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out… the [memory] functions which are lost by the destruction of [other parts]”
Fear Conditioning
Turning Neutral stimuli into threatening stimuli
Phobia
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
Modeling
The imitation of observed behavior
Vicarious Learning
A way of learning that allows individuals to learn from the experience of others.
Instructed Learning
Learning through instructed verbal communication.
