Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience.

Question 2

Associative Learning

Answer 2

Linking two stimuli or events that occur together.

Question 3

Non-associative learning

Answer 3

Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event.

Question 4

Social Learning

Answer 4

Acquiring or changing a behavior after verbal instruction or exposure to another individual performing that behavior.

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Question 6

Sensitization

Answer 6

An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

A type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response.

Question 8

Unconditioned Response

Answer 8

A response is “unconditioned” because it is unlearned. It occurs without prior training and is an automatic behavior, such as some simple reflexes.

Question 9

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 9

A stimulus that elicits a response without any previous training

Question 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 10

A stimulus that elicits a response after training

Question 11

Conditioned Response

Answer 11

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.

Question 12

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 12

A stimulus that at first elicits no response.

Question 13

Acquisition

Answer 13

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

When a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 16

Learning model that holds that learning is determined by the extent to which an unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising.

Question 17

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 17

the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations.

Question 18

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 18

The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

Question 20

Law of Effect

Answer 20

Those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus.

Question 21

Behaviorism

Answer 21

The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that some mental conditions are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

Removal of positive stimulus to decrease how much reaction occurs

Question 23

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 23

Removal of unpleasant stimulus in order to increase how much reaction occurs

Question 24

Positive Punishment

Answer 24

The addition of a stimulus to decrease how much a reaction occurs.

Question 25

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 25

The addition of a stimulus to increase how much a reaction occurs

Question 26

Punishment

Answer 26

A stimulus that follows behavior and decreases its likelihood

Question 27

Reinforcer

Answer 27

A stimulus that follows behavior and increases its likelihood

Question 28

Shaping

Answer 28

Reinforcing behaviors to produce a desired outcome

Question 29

Temporal Discounting

Answer 29

An individual’s tendency to perceive a desired result in the future as less valuable than one in the present

Question 30

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 30

The response is reinforced only part of the time.

Question 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 31

The repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens.

Question 32

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect

Answer 32

Implies that learning under partial reinforcements is more robust than learning under full reinforcements

Question 33

Equipotentiality

Answer 33

“The apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out… the [memory] functions which are lost by the destruction of [other parts]”

Question 34

Fear Conditioning

Answer 34

Turning Neutral stimuli into threatening stimuli

Question 35

Phobia

Answer 35

an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Question 36

Modeling

Answer 36

The imitation of observed behavior

Question 37

Vicarious Learning

Answer 37

A way of learning that allows individuals to learn from the experience of others.

Question 38

Instructed Learning

Answer 38

Learning through instructed verbal communication.