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Intro to Psych 110 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical stimuli and transmission of that information to the brain.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The brain’s further processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory information.

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Bottom-up processing is when the environment (stimuli) influence our thinking.

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4
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Top-down processing is when our thinking influences how we see (understand/perceive) the environment.

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5
Q

Transduction

A

A translation process where different types of cells react to stimuli creating a signal processed by the central nervous system resulting in what we experience as a sensations.

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6
Q

Absolute Treshold

A

The minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation. In other words, it is the stimulus intensity you would detect 50 percent of the time

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7
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The minimum amount of change required to detect a difference between two stimuli

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgment—it is not an all-or-nothing process.

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9
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation.

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10
Q

Synesthesia

A

an anomalous blending of the senses in which the stimulation of one modality simultaneously produces sensation in a different modality.

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11
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

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12
Q

Lens

A

Clear, curved structure at the front of the eye behind the pupil. Focuses light to retina

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13
Q

Retina

A

a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

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14
Q

Pupil

A

The dark circle at the center of the eye, is a small opening in the front of the lens. By contracting (closing) or dilating (opening), the pupil determines how much light enters the eye.

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15
Q

Iris

A

A circular muscle, determines the eye’s color and controls the pupil’s size.

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

The act of physiologically adjusting crystalline lens elements to alter the refractive power and bring objects that are closer to the eye into sharp focus.

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17
Q

Presbyopia

A

Farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

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18
Q

Rods

A

A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina. They are sensitive to light levels and help give us good vision in low light. They do not support color vision and have poor detail.
120 million.

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19
Q

Cones

A

They give us our color vision. Cones are concentrated in the center of our retina in an area called the macula and help us see fine details.
6 million.

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20
Q

Fovea

A

A small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.

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21
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Exits eyes in back of the retina, connects to thalamus.

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22
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The place in the brain where some of the optic nerve fibers coming from one eye cross optic nerve fibers from the other eye, allowing it to perceive things from the other side.

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23
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

The first place along the visual system in which information from the two eyes converges on single cells.

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus

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25
Q

Ventral Stream

A

The what?
Temporal Lobe
Determining colors and shapes

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26
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

The where?
Parietal Lobe
Determining spatial orientation

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27
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Trichromatic theory indicates that we can receive 3 types of colors (red, green, and blue) and that the cones vary the ratio of neural activity

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28
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

A color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from photoreceptor cells in an antagonistic manner.

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29
Q

Hue

A

Consists of the distinctive characteristics that place a particular color in the spectrum—the color’s greenness or orangeness, for example.

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30
Q

Saturation

A

The intensity and purity of a color

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31
Q

Lightness

A

The colors perceived intensity

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32
Q

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

A

The different ways individuals group stimuli together in order to make a whole that makes sense to them

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33
Q

Proximity

A

The closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object.

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34
Q

Similarity

A

We tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other, whether in shape, color, or orientation.

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35
Q

Good Continuation

A

We tend to group together edges or contours that are smooth and continuous as opposed to those having abrupt or sharp edges.

36
Q

Closure

A

We tend to complete figures that have gaps. The principles of good continuation and closure sometimes can result in seeing contours, shapes, and cues to depth when they do not exist, as is the case with illusory contours.

37
Q

Common Fate

A

We tend to see things that move together as belonging to the same group.

38
Q

Object constancy

A

Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception

39
Q

Face Perception

A

The ability to rapidly recognize and understand information from faces.

40
Q

Prosopagnisia

A

Deficits in the ability to recognize faces

41
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to see things in three dimensions (including length, width and depth), and to judge how far away an object is.

42
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Depth cues that arise from having two eyes

43
Q

Binocular disparity

A

A depth cue; because of the distance between the two eyes, each eye receives a slightly different retinal image.

44
Q

Convergence

A

A cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eyes inward.

45
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Available from each eye alone

46
Q

Occlusion

A

A newer object occludes an object that is farther away

47
Q

Relative Size

A

Far-off objects project a smaller retinal image than close objects do, if the far-off and close objects are the same physical size.

48
Q

Familiar Size

A

Because we know how large familiar objects are, we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images.

49
Q

Linear perspective

A

Seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.

50
Q

Texture gradient

A

As a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser.

51
Q

Position relative to horizon:

A

Objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being father away. Objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away.

52
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Objects that are closer tend to move faster than those farther away

53
Q

Size perception

A

Perhaps the most important of these is the visual angle subtended by the object on the retina. All other things being equal, the object that subtends the larger visual angle will appear larger.

54
Q

Motion Perception

A

The ability of the nervous system to discern the distance and speed of a moving object in relation to the eye that is seeing the object.

55
Q

Audition

A

Hearing; Sound Perception

56
Q

Amplitutde

A

Determines loudnessIncreasing the intensity of an object’s vibratory movement increases the displacement of air molecules and the amplitude of the resulting sound wave.

57
Q

Frequency

A

How frequent a sound wave is. Ex: we hear a higher frequency as a sound that is higher in pitch. The frequency of a sound is measured in vibrations per second, called hertz (abbreviated Hz).

58
Q

Outer Ear

A

Collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal (external auditory meatus), where the sound is amplified.

59
Q

Eardrum

A

The membrane of the middle ear, which vibrates in response to sound waves

60
Q

Middle ear

A

The middle ear is separated from your external ear by the eardrum and connected to the back of your nose and throat by a narrow passageway called the eustachian tube.

61
Q

Ossicles

A

Three tiny bones.

62
Q

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

A

AKA: Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Transfer sound

63
Q

Oval window

A

A connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear.

64
Q

Inner Ear

A

The last part of ear

65
Q

Cochlea

A

A hollow, spiral-shaped bone found in the inner ear that plays a key role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction.

66
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Found within the cochlea, stimulate hair cells to bend and send info to auditory nerve.

67
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

The sensory nerve that transfers auditory information from the cochlea (auditory area of the inner ear) to the brain.

68
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Perception of balance determined by receptors in the inner ear.

69
Q

Cochlear Implants

A

An electronic device that stimulates the auditory nerve through electrodes placed in the cochlea of the inner ear, allowing some severely deaf people to perceive sounds.

70
Q

Temporal Coding

A

A mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave.

71
Q

Place Coding

A

A mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar membrane.

72
Q

Sound Localization

A

Using cues to locate sound
1) The time sound arrives in ear
2) Sound intensity in each ear

73
Q

Gustation

A

Our sense of taste

74
Q

Olfaction

A

Our sense of smell

75
Q

Taste Buds

A

Sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste.

76
Q

5 basic qualities of taste

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

77
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

A thin layer of tissue within the nasal cavity that contains the receptors for smell.

78
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

The brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes.

79
Q

Pheromones

A

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.

80
Q

Haptic Sense

A

Sense of Touch

81
Q

Tactile Stimulation

A

Anything that makes contact with skin, detects temperature and pressure

82
Q

Pain receptors

A

a group of sensory neurons with specialized nerve endings widely distributed in the skin, deep tissues (including the muscles and joints), and most of visceral organs.

83
Q

Fast fibers

A

Sharp immediate pain

84
Q

Slow Fibers

A

Chronic, dull, steady pain

85
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

The brain regulates the experience of pain, sometimes producing it, sometimes suppressing it.

Intro to Psych 110 (13 decks)

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