Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
An immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts.
Emotion
Physiological Arousal, Expressive Behaviors, Conscious Experience
Three components of emotions
The subjective experience of the emotion
Feeling
Emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures).
Primary Emotions
Blends of Primary Emotions
Secondary Emotions
Sadness, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise, Contempt
Examples of Primary Emotions
Remorse, Guilt, Shame, Jealousy, Pride, Love, Contentment
Examples of Secondary Emotions
How negative or positive an emotion is
Valence
How much physiological activation is present
Arousal
The part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses.
Limbic System
Receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body, and is involved in the subjective awareness of bodily states, such as sensing your heartbeat or feeling hungry. Particularly active when experiencing disgust or seeing in other people.
Insula
Amygdala processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and generates immediate and behavioral reactions. It is important for emotional learning, like classically conditioned fear response, and general fear responses.
Amygdala
Quick and dirty system, processes sensory information nearly instantaneously. Travels directly from thalamus to amygdala. Fast pathways prepares you for threat.
Fast Pathway
Sensory material travels from the thalamus to the cortex, where the information is scrutinized in greater depth before it is passed along to the amygdala. Slow pathway confirms the threat.
Slow Pathway
A polygraph is an electronic instrument that assesses the body’s physiological response to questions. It records numerous aspects of arousal, such as breathing rate and heart rate. It’s not utilized now.
Polygraph
A theory of emotion stating that people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses and as a result of that perception feel emotion. Stimulus –> arousal –> emotion
James-Lange Theory
A theory of emotion stating that information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively. Emotion<–Stimulus–>Arousal
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory of emotion stating that the label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion. Stimulus –> Arousal –> Attribution –> Emotion Label
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
When people misidentify the source of arousal
Misattribution of Arousal
People attempt not to respond at all to the emotional stimulus.
Suppression
Involves thinking about, elaborating on, and becoming stuck in a cycle of undesired thoughts or feelings.
Rumination
You can directly alter emotional reactions to events by reappraising those events in more neutral terms.
Change the Meaning
Taking a different perspective can help temper strong emotions.
Create mental distance
Humor increases positive affect. When you find something humorous, you smile, laugh, and enter a state of pleasurable, relaxed excitation.
Find Humor
Direct your attention elsewhere, to different aspects of your emotion
Refocus your attention
Doing something else instead of the activity or thinking other things is a good way of regulating emotions.
Distract yourself
Six basic internal human emotions (i.e., happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) are expressed using the same facial movements across all cultures, supporting universal recognition. Support is strongest for happiness, lowest for fear and disgust.
Facial Expressions Across Cultures
The expression of emotion is universal and should therefore be expressed similarly across race or culture
Universality of Emotions
Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations. Help explain cultural stereotypes and face recognition.
Display Rules
Emotional and affective states that people want to feel or that cultures especially value. Western European and North American cultures prefer high-arousal emotions such as excitement and enthusiasm, whereas Asian cultures value low-arousal emotions such as calmness and tranquility
Ideal Affect
A negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation. Can strengthen social bonds. Guilt is strongly influenced by social environment and parenting.
Guilt
Communicates a realization of interpersonal errors. People tend to feel this after violating a cultural norm, being clumsy, getting teased, or experiencing a threat to their self-image
Embarrassment
A process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior towards a goal.
Motivation
A state of deficiency, which can be biological, social, or psychological.
Need
Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs.
Need Hierarchy
State that occurs when people achieve their own best self.
Self-Actualization
A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need.
Drive
The tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium.
Homeostasis
The psychological principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. After that, additional arousal impairs performance.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors.
Incentives
Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose.
Intrinsic Motivation
The expectation that your efforts will lead to success.
Self-Efficacy
The process by which people direct their behavior toward the attainment of goals.
Self-regulation
The need for interpersonal attachments, a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.
Need to belong
The idea that people are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships. A triad is balanced when the relationships are all the same direction or if two relationships are negative and one is positive.
Balance Theory
The unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief that conflicts with behavior
Cognitive Dissonance
A need for sense of self that is coherent and stable
Self-Affirmation
Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened.
Core values
