Test 1 Flashcards
What are the components of the upper GI tract?
a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum
mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
What are the components of the lower GI tract?
a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum
small intestine and large intestine
Salvia releases what digestive enzyme?
a. parietal cells
b. gastric acid
c. gastric juice
d. amylase
amylase
The upper GI tract aids in digestion (true/false)
true
Describe the process of digestion
mouth to the esophagus to stomach then duodenum then small intestine and large intestine
What system is responsible for the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients?
a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach
small intestine
What absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination?
a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach
large intestine
Gut microflora is linked to what 5 disorders?
fibromyalgia depression sleep disorder immune function sarcopenia
This GI symptom is primarily caused by irritated nerve endings in the stomach
a. nausea
b. vomiting
c. diarrhea
d. anorexia
nausea
What can cause nausea?
severe pain cardiac issues diabetes drugs emotions
What are the possible negative effects of nausea?
dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
malnourishment
This GI symptom can be caused by anything that precipitates nausea
a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation
vomiting
What are the two types of vomiting?
retching
projectile
This is vomiting of blood that has been in contact with gastric acid
a. frank blood
b. coffee-ground emesis
c. stool
coffee-ground emesis
This GI symptom can be associated with cancer, heart disease or renal disease
a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation
anorexia
this GI symptom is a result of increased metabolic rate caused by tumor cells and metabolites produced and released by tumor cells in the bloodstream
a. anorexia
b. anorexia-cachexia
c. diarrhea
d. vomiting
anorexia-cachexia
Malnutrition, weight loss, muscular weakness and a negative nitrogen balance lead to
cachetic wasting
This GI symptom can cause dehydration, weight loss and acidosis
a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea
diarrhea
People with this GI symptom need more fiber in their diet
a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea
constipation
Constipation is more common in (women/men)
women
Constipation commonly referes to what 3 locations?
a. shoulder, back and abdomen
b. back and butt
c. back, butt and thigh
d. shoulder and back
back, butt and thigh
This GI symptom can be due to neurological disorders
a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding
dysphagia
this GI symptom is very common in the elderly because of high use of meds and other anticoagulants
a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding
GI bleeding
Common causes of GI bleeding
erosive gastritis
peptic ulcers
NSAIDs
chronic alcohol use
This type of GI bleed is abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood
melana
What are the PT implications for fluid-electrolyte imbalance
orthostatic hypotension
alteration of the sodium-potassium pump
What are the PT implications for pelvic floor rehabilitation?
retraining of pelvic floor muscles
assisting with a scheduled toileting program
patient education
Thoracolumbar referred pain patterns can be associated with
a. acute ulcer
b. chronic ulcer
c. hernia
d. GI bleeding
acute ulcer
Back and or shoulder referred pain patterns can be associated with
a. acute ulcer
b. chronic ulcer
c. hernia
d. GI bleeding
chronic ulcer
This is a fungal infection called thrush oral and is caused by candida albicans
a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer
candidiasis/yeast
This oral change is white, curd-like patches in the mouth/throat, painful and seen in the elderly
a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer
candidiasis/yeast
This is mouth sores caused by a viral infection
a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer
herpes simplex
This oral change with aging is a grey white to yellow white leathery, caused by chronic irritation in the mouth due to tobacco or alcohol
a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer
oral leukoplakia
What is the impact of aging on the alimentary tract?
intrinsic factor is produced at a lower rate and leads to less vitamin B12
Aging leads to less of what in the alimentary tract
a. vitamin A
b. gastric acid
c. alamyse
d. vitamin B12
vitamin B12
This is defined as not having enough vitamin B12
pernicious anemia
How does aging impact the alimentary tract?
decrease in gastric motility
decrease blood flow
nutrient absorption
volume and acid content of gastric juice
An increase in intraabdominal pressure that forces the gastroesophageal junction through the diaphragm is called
a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above
hiatal hernia
Who is at risk of a hiatal hernia?
women
older
surgery
trauma or muscle weakness
What position causes symptoms of hiatal hernia and what is the most common symptom?
supine position
heartburn
This is described as the reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus resulting in the inflammation of the esophagus.
a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above
GERD
Most common symptom of GERD
heartburn
Most common type of esophagitis
GERD
GERD commonly results in _ symptoms
cardiac-related
What causes GERD?
a. NSAIDs
b. alcohol
c. lifestyle
d. exercise
lifestyle
What are treatment options for GERD?
proton pump inhibitors
histamine 2 blockers
raise head of bed and sleep on left side, avoid large meals before bed, antacids
What is the pain pattern of GERD
a. shoulder
b. upper back
c. shoulder and upper back
d. chest
shoulder and upper back
This is defined as dilated veins in lower portion of the esophagus immediately beneath the mucosa
a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above
esophageal varices
esophageal varices can be caused by
cirrohosis
esophageal varices can result in severe
hematemsis
How do you treat esophageal varices?
avoid rupture
proper lifting techniques
avoid activities that increase intraabdominal pressure
Erosive or hemorrhagic bleeding in the stomach is
a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis
c. peptic ulcer disease
d. none of the above
acute gastritis
this illness in the stomach is associated with pernicious anemia and autoimmune disorders of digestive glands
a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease
chronic gastritis type A
This stomach illness is the most common and caused by H.pylori bacteria
a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease
chronic gastritis type B
This is defined as a break in the protective mucosal lining exposing submucosal areas to gastric secretions
a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease
peptic ulcer disease
This type of stomach illness affects the lining of the stomach and is associated with NSAID use
a. chronic gastritis type A
b. chronic gastritis type B
c. gastric ulcer
d. duodenal ulcer
gastric ulcer
This type of stomach illness occurs in the duodenum and is associated with h.pylori infection
a. chronic gastritis type A
b. chronic gastritis type B
c. gastric ulcer
d. duodenal ulcer
duodenal ulcer
What is the referred pain pattern for peptic ulcer disease
back
right shoulder
burning pain
nausea
This is a rapid emptying of chyme from a surgically created residual stomach into the small intestine
dumpening syndrome
This is a reduced intestinal absorption of dietary components and excessive loss of nutrients in the stool
a. malabsorption syndrome
b. inflammatory bowel disease
c. IBS
d. diverticulosis
malabsorption syndrome
What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohns disease
Ulcerative colitis
this type of inflammatory bowel disease is chronic, lifelong with no cure, and is not consistent through the tract
crohns disease
this type of inflammatory bowel disease is a consistent disease throughout the tract, inflammation of the cola
ulcerative colitis
What is the major risk factor with inflammatory bowel disease?
cancer
What is the most common GI disorder?
irritable bowel syndrome
There is no identifiable abnormality of the bowel with IBS (true/false)
true
How is IBS treated with PT?
proper breathing techniques
relaxation
Pouches on the intestine
diverticulosis
inflammation of pouches on intestine that get blocked, painful, can be severe abdominal pain and pass blood
diverticulitis
Where is the referred pain with diverticulitis?
back
What are 3 intestinal obstructions?
intussuception
volvulus
hernia
This intestinal obstruction is part of the intestine has come back on another intestine
a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above
intussusception
This intestine obstruction is when there is twisting of the bowel and it obstructs/cuts off blood flow which can lead to necrosis and lose section of bowel
a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above
volvulus
This intestine obstruction is when there is a protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue in the groin, abdomen or navel
a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above
hernia
This hernia is caused by the intestine and the sac contains the intestine is pushed out though the weakest point
a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia
inguinal hernia
Groin pain of the posterior wall of inguinal wall is
a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia
sports hernia
When the loop of the intestine goes into the femoral canal, common with women who have multiple children
a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia
femoral hernia
This is the thinning of umbilical ring or fascia can have tissue/intestine pushing out there
a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia
umbilical hernia
an incisional hernia happens
post operatively
Pain in gastric, low-grade fever in adults, high grade in children, pelvic pain women, increased intraabdominal pressure makes it worse
appendicitis
what are you supposed to check if they have an appendicitis
lower right region
a flat plaque-like, superficial, ulcerating, infiltrates the gastric wall
a. adenocarcinoma
b. lymphomas
adenocarcinoma
what are the two types of gastric tumors
adenocarcinoma
lymphomas
this type of tumor arises from b-cells of mucosa and most commonly stomach is the site
a. adenocarcinoma
b. lymphomas
lymphomas
List the functions of the liver
source of albumin produces clotting factors III, IV, X and Von Williebrand Factor stores vitamins filters toxins produces bile
This function of the pancreas is to secrete digestive enzymes and pancreatic juices
a. exocrine gland
b. endocrine gland
c. both endo and exo
d. none of the above
exocrine gland
This function of the pancreas is to produce insulin and glucagon
a. exocrine gland
b. endocrine gland
c. both endo and exo
d. none of the above
endocrine gland
What are the functions of the pancreas
exocrine gland
endorine gland
stores and concentrates bile
What are the functions of the gallbladder
bile storage
breaks down fat
cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum and upper small intestine to signal gall bladder to contract
What do these signs/symptoms describe dark urine and light-colored stools skin changes spider angiomas neurological symptoms asterixis MSK locations of pain hepatic osteodystrophy
hepatic disease
Superficial dilated capillaries because of increased in estrogen or presence of liver failure is called
spider angiomas
too much ammonia causing nerve pathology, tremor at wrist or liver flap with disease of liver is called
asterixis
what are the locations of pain associated with hepatic disease
thoracic
right shoulder
upper trap
abnormal development of bone
hepatic osteodystrophy
what are major complications of liver disease
portal hypertension
ascites
hepatic encephalopathy
jaundice is a disease (true/false)
false
symptoms of _ overproduction of bilirubin defects of bilirubin metabolism presence of liver disease obstruction of bile flow yellow in skin, noticed in eye
jaundice
How does aging impact the liver
decreases in size and weight
requires more time to process substances
fibrotic changes occur decreasing function
decrease blood flow
How does aging impact the pancreas?
fibrotic, fatty acid deposits and atrophy
little to no decrease in function
How does aging impact the gallbladder?
little to no effect on size, contractility or function
This liver disease is a chronic, progressive inflammation, liver tissue is fibrotic and nodular, most common cause is chronic ETOH abuse and HCV, not reversible
a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites
cirrhosis
This liver disease is an increase in hepatic sinusoidal pressure over 6mmhg, obstruction of vessels
a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites
portal hypertension
Portal hypertension is caused by
cirrhosis, obstruction, infection, tumor
What are the 5 major consequences of portal hypertension
splenomegaly
ascites
portal-systemic shunts
hepatic encephalopathy
This is portal hypertension and advanced liver failure present but have normal kidney tubular function
a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites
hepatorenal syndrome
This is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, caused by cirrhosis or heart failure, abdominal malignancies nephrotic syndrome, infection or malnutrition
a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites
ascites
This liver complication is caused by a virus, chemical, drug reaction or ETOH
hepatitis
hepatitis can be _ or _ inflammation
acute or chronic
oral/fecal route of transmission, for example eating or drinking that is contaminated with virus
a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D
hepatitis type A
this is spread percutaneously, blood borne by sexual contact or mother to baby
a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D
hepatitis type B
this is blood borne route of transmission usually spread through needle sharing or puncture
a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D
hepatitis type C
this can only be transmitted to persons who already have HVB
a. hepatitis type B
b. hepatitis type D
c. hepatitis type E
d. hepatitis type C
hepatitis type D
this is oral or fecal route of transition, through pigs/rodents, not spread from person to person
a. hepatitis type B
b. hepatitis type C
c. hepatitis type E
d. hepatitis type D
hepatitis type E
This type of pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, chronic ETOH abuse, trauma, or medications.
a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis
acute pancreatitis
This type of pancreatitis involves interstitium of pancreas-mildest form
a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis
acute pancreatitis
This type of pancreatitis is when trypsinogen is activated in the acinar cells to trypsin and excessive trypsin causes excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes which leads to auto digestion of the pancreas
a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis
acute pancreatitis
This type of pancreatitis is an irreversible condition, primary cause is ETOH abuse and function declines as the disease process increases
a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis
chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer is not easily detected until the latter stages of the disease process (true/false)
true
This is a common GI disease, occurs when stones form in bile, most are asymptomatic, symptoms when stones block bile, there is right upper quadrant pain and abdominal tenderness
a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis
Cholelithiasis
Referred pain for Cholelithiasis is
the upper back
This gallbladder disease is calculi in common bile duct, usually asymptomatic and symptoms are similar to gallstone
a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis
Choledocholithiasis
This gallbladder disease is an infection of the biliary tree, symptoms are the same as gallstone disease with fever, pain and jaundice
a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis
acute cholangitis
Complications of _ _ can lead to pancreatitis and cholangitis
acute cholangitis
What is the most common complication of gallstone disease?
a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis
Choloeycytitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Choloeycytitis
Gallbladder attacks are usually caused by a stone obstructing the flow of bile
Choloeycytitis
Progressive destruction of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, asymptomatic until later, itching, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea
a. Choloeycytitis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
d. Acute cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
What is an associated risk with dumpening syndrome?
can become hypoglycemic
_ disease is related to issues with not absorbing normally
Celiac
Celiac disease is an issue with what organ?
intestines - small intestine
CD or UC is more likely to develop colon cancer
UC
Herniations of mucosa through muscle layers of the colon wall
a. diverticula
b. diverticulosis
c. diverticulitis
diverticula
Diverticulosis is (asymptomatic/symptomatic)
asymptomatic
hernias are protrusions of an organ or tissue in the _, _ or _
groin, abdomen, or navel
What is the most common site for a lymphoma?
stomach
The gallbladder and pancreas produce bile (true/false)
false
LIVER DOES
Signs and symptoms of ascites hematemesis nose bleeds bleeding gums bruising
cirrhosis
Which disease complication is related to excessive activation of trypsinogen?
acute pancreatitis
Decreased level of consciousness in people with severe liver disease would indicate
Hepatic Encephalopathy
with _ disease, pts most comfortable in _ _ position
liver
high fowlers
A patient with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia and vomiting may have
acute pancreatitis
chronic pancreatitis is (reversible/irreversible)
irreversible
most common cause of cirrhosis
alcohol abuse and HCV
