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Patho II > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper GI tract?

a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

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2
Q

What are the components of the lower GI tract?

a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum

A

small intestine and large intestine

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3
Q

Salvia releases what digestive enzyme?

a. parietal cells
b. gastric acid
c. gastric juice
d. amylase

A

amylase

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4
Q

The upper GI tract aids in digestion (true/false)

A

true

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5
Q

Describe the process of digestion

A

mouth to the esophagus to stomach then duodenum then small intestine and large intestine

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6
Q

What system is responsible for the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach

A

small intestine

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7
Q

What absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination?

a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach

A

large intestine

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8
Q

Gut microflora is linked to what 5 disorders?

A 
fibromyalgia
depression
sleep disorder
immune function
sarcopenia
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9
Q

This GI symptom is primarily caused by irritated nerve endings in the stomach

a. nausea
b. vomiting
c. diarrhea
d. anorexia

A

nausea

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10
Q

What can cause nausea?

A 
severe pain
cardiac issues
diabetes 
drugs
emotions
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11
Q

What are the possible negative effects of nausea?

A

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
malnourishment

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12
Q

This GI symptom can be caused by anything that precipitates nausea

a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation

A

vomiting

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13
Q

What are the two types of vomiting?

A

retching

projectile

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14
Q

This is vomiting of blood that has been in contact with gastric acid

a. frank blood
b. coffee-ground emesis
c. stool

A

coffee-ground emesis

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15
Q

This GI symptom can be associated with cancer, heart disease or renal disease

a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation

A

anorexia

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16
Q

this GI symptom is a result of increased metabolic rate caused by tumor cells and metabolites produced and released by tumor cells in the bloodstream

a. anorexia
b. anorexia-cachexia
c. diarrhea
d. vomiting

A

anorexia-cachexia

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17
Q

Malnutrition, weight loss, muscular weakness and a negative nitrogen balance lead to

A

cachetic wasting

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18
Q

This GI symptom can cause dehydration, weight loss and acidosis

a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea

A

diarrhea

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19
Q

People with this GI symptom need more fiber in their diet

a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea

A

constipation

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20
Q

Constipation is more common in (women/men)

A

women

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21
Q

Constipation commonly referes to what 3 locations?

a. shoulder, back and abdomen
b. back and butt
c. back, butt and thigh
d. shoulder and back

A

back, butt and thigh

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22
Q

This GI symptom can be due to neurological disorders

a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding

A

dysphagia

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23
Q

this GI symptom is very common in the elderly because of high use of meds and other anticoagulants

a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding

A

GI bleeding

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24
Q

Common causes of GI bleeding

A

erosive gastritis
peptic ulcers
NSAIDs
chronic alcohol use

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25
Q

This type of GI bleed is abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood

A

melana

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26
Q

What are the PT implications for fluid-electrolyte imbalance

A

orthostatic hypotension

alteration of the sodium-potassium pump

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27
Q

What are the PT implications for pelvic floor rehabilitation?

A

retraining of pelvic floor muscles
assisting with a scheduled toileting program
patient education

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28
Q

Thoracolumbar referred pain patterns can be associated with

a. acute ulcer
b. chronic ulcer
c. hernia
d. GI bleeding

A

acute ulcer

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29
Q

Back and or shoulder referred pain patterns can be associated with

a. acute ulcer
b. chronic ulcer
c. hernia
d. GI bleeding

A

chronic ulcer

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30
Q

This is a fungal infection called thrush oral and is caused by candida albicans

a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer

A

candidiasis/yeast

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31
Q

This oral change is white, curd-like patches in the mouth/throat, painful and seen in the elderly

a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer

A

candidiasis/yeast

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32
Q

This is mouth sores caused by a viral infection

a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer

A

herpes simplex

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33
Q

This oral change with aging is a grey white to yellow white leathery, caused by chronic irritation in the mouth due to tobacco or alcohol

a. candidiasis/yeast
b. herpes simplex
c. oral leukoplakia
d. oral cancer

A

oral leukoplakia

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34
Q

What is the impact of aging on the alimentary tract?

A

intrinsic factor is produced at a lower rate and leads to less vitamin B12

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35
Q

Aging leads to less of what in the alimentary tract

a. vitamin A
b. gastric acid
c. alamyse
d. vitamin B12

A

vitamin B12

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36
Q

This is defined as not having enough vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia

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37
Q

How does aging impact the alimentary tract?

A

decrease in gastric motility
decrease blood flow
nutrient absorption
volume and acid content of gastric juice

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38
Q

An increase in intraabdominal pressure that forces the gastroesophageal junction through the diaphragm is called

a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above

A

hiatal hernia

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39
Q

Who is at risk of a hiatal hernia?

A

women
older
surgery
trauma or muscle weakness

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40
Q

What position causes symptoms of hiatal hernia and what is the most common symptom?

A

supine position

heartburn

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41
Q

This is described as the reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus resulting in the inflammation of the esophagus.

a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above

A

GERD

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42
Q

Most common symptom of GERD

A

heartburn

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43
Q

Most common type of esophagitis

A

GERD

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44
Q

GERD commonly results in _ symptoms

A

cardiac-related

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45
Q

What causes GERD?

a. NSAIDs
b. alcohol
c. lifestyle
d. exercise

A

lifestyle

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46
Q

What are treatment options for GERD?

A

proton pump inhibitors
histamine 2 blockers
raise head of bed and sleep on left side, avoid large meals before bed, antacids

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47
Q

What is the pain pattern of GERD

a. shoulder
b. upper back
c. shoulder and upper back
d. chest

A

shoulder and upper back

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48
Q

This is defined as dilated veins in lower portion of the esophagus immediately beneath the mucosa

a. hiatal hernia
b. GERD
c. esophageal varices
d. none of the above

A

esophageal varices

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49
Q

esophageal varices can be caused by

A

cirrohosis

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50
Q

esophageal varices can result in severe

A

hematemsis

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51
Q

How do you treat esophageal varices?

A

avoid rupture
proper lifting techniques
avoid activities that increase intraabdominal pressure

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52
Q

Erosive or hemorrhagic bleeding in the stomach is

a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis
c. peptic ulcer disease
d. none of the above

A

acute gastritis

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53
Q

this illness in the stomach is associated with pernicious anemia and autoimmune disorders of digestive glands

a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease

A

chronic gastritis type A

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54
Q

This stomach illness is the most common and caused by H.pylori bacteria

a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease

A

chronic gastritis type B

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55
Q

This is defined as a break in the protective mucosal lining exposing submucosal areas to gastric secretions

a. acute gastritis
b. chronic gastritis type A
c. chronic gastritis type B
d. peptic ulcer disease

A

peptic ulcer disease

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56
Q

This type of stomach illness affects the lining of the stomach and is associated with NSAID use

a. chronic gastritis type A
b. chronic gastritis type B
c. gastric ulcer
d. duodenal ulcer

A

gastric ulcer

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57
Q

This type of stomach illness occurs in the duodenum and is associated with h.pylori infection

a. chronic gastritis type A
b. chronic gastritis type B
c. gastric ulcer
d. duodenal ulcer

A

duodenal ulcer

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58
Q

What is the referred pain pattern for peptic ulcer disease

A

back
right shoulder
burning pain
nausea

59
Q

This is a rapid emptying of chyme from a surgically created residual stomach into the small intestine

A

dumpening syndrome

60
Q

This is a reduced intestinal absorption of dietary components and excessive loss of nutrients in the stool

a. malabsorption syndrome
b. inflammatory bowel disease
c. IBS
d. diverticulosis

A

malabsorption syndrome

61
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohns disease

Ulcerative colitis

62
Q

this type of inflammatory bowel disease is chronic, lifelong with no cure, and is not consistent through the tract

A

crohns disease

63
Q

this type of inflammatory bowel disease is a consistent disease throughout the tract, inflammation of the cola

A

ulcerative colitis

64
Q

What is the major risk factor with inflammatory bowel disease?

A

cancer

65
Q

What is the most common GI disorder?

A

irritable bowel syndrome

66
Q

There is no identifiable abnormality of the bowel with IBS (true/false)

A

true

67
Q

How is IBS treated with PT?

A

proper breathing techniques

relaxation

68
Q

Pouches on the intestine

A

diverticulosis

69
Q

inflammation of pouches on intestine that get blocked, painful, can be severe abdominal pain and pass blood

A

diverticulitis

70
Q

Where is the referred pain with diverticulitis?

A

back

71
Q

What are 3 intestinal obstructions?

A

intussuception
volvulus
hernia

72
Q

This intestinal obstruction is part of the intestine has come back on another intestine

a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above

A

intussusception

73
Q

This intestine obstruction is when there is twisting of the bowel and it obstructs/cuts off blood flow which can lead to necrosis and lose section of bowel

a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above

A

volvulus

74
Q

This intestine obstruction is when there is a protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue in the groin, abdomen or navel

a. intussusception
b. volvulus
c. hernia
d. none of the above

A

hernia

75
Q

This hernia is caused by the intestine and the sac contains the intestine is pushed out though the weakest point

a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia

A

inguinal hernia

76
Q

Groin pain of the posterior wall of inguinal wall is

a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia

A

sports hernia

77
Q

When the loop of the intestine goes into the femoral canal, common with women who have multiple children

a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia

A

femoral hernia

78
Q

This is the thinning of umbilical ring or fascia can have tissue/intestine pushing out there

a. inguinal hernia
b. sports hernia
c. femoral hernia
d. umbilical hernia

A

umbilical hernia

79
Q

an incisional hernia happens

A

post operatively

80
Q

Pain in gastric, low-grade fever in adults, high grade in children, pelvic pain women, increased intraabdominal pressure makes it worse

A

appendicitis

81
Q

what are you supposed to check if they have an appendicitis

A

lower right region

82
Q

a flat plaque-like, superficial, ulcerating, infiltrates the gastric wall

a. adenocarcinoma
b. lymphomas

A

adenocarcinoma

83
Q

what are the two types of gastric tumors

A

adenocarcinoma

lymphomas

84
Q

this type of tumor arises from b-cells of mucosa and most commonly stomach is the site

a. adenocarcinoma
b. lymphomas

A

lymphomas

85
Q

List the functions of the liver

A 
source of albumin 
produces clotting factors III, IV, X and Von Williebrand Factor
stores vitamins
filters toxins
produces bile
86
Q

This function of the pancreas is to secrete digestive enzymes and pancreatic juices

a. exocrine gland
b. endocrine gland
c. both endo and exo
d. none of the above

A

exocrine gland

87
Q

This function of the pancreas is to produce insulin and glucagon

a. exocrine gland
b. endocrine gland
c. both endo and exo
d. none of the above

A

endocrine gland

88
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas

A

exocrine gland
endorine gland
stores and concentrates bile

89
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder

A

bile storage
breaks down fat
cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum and upper small intestine to signal gall bladder to contract

90
Q 
What do these signs/symptoms describe 
dark urine and light-colored stools
skin changes
spider angiomas 
neurological symptoms
asterixis
MSK locations of pain
hepatic osteodystrophy
A

hepatic disease

91
Q

Superficial dilated capillaries because of increased in estrogen or presence of liver failure is called

A

spider angiomas

92
Q

too much ammonia causing nerve pathology, tremor at wrist or liver flap with disease of liver is called

A

asterixis

93
Q

what are the locations of pain associated with hepatic disease

A

thoracic
right shoulder
upper trap

94
Q

abnormal development of bone

A

hepatic osteodystrophy

95
Q

what are major complications of liver disease

A

portal hypertension
ascites
hepatic encephalopathy

96
Q

jaundice is a disease (true/false)

A

false

97
Q 
symptoms of _ 
overproduction of bilirubin
defects of bilirubin metabolism
presence of liver disease
obstruction of bile flow
yellow in skin, noticed in eye
A

jaundice

98
Q

How does aging impact the liver

A

decreases in size and weight
requires more time to process substances
fibrotic changes occur decreasing function
decrease blood flow

99
Q

How does aging impact the pancreas?

A

fibrotic, fatty acid deposits and atrophy

little to no decrease in function

100
Q

How does aging impact the gallbladder?

A

little to no effect on size, contractility or function

101
Q

This liver disease is a chronic, progressive inflammation, liver tissue is fibrotic and nodular, most common cause is chronic ETOH abuse and HCV, not reversible

a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites

A

cirrhosis

102
Q

This liver disease is an increase in hepatic sinusoidal pressure over 6mmhg, obstruction of vessels

a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites

A

portal hypertension

103
Q

Portal hypertension is caused by

A

cirrhosis, obstruction, infection, tumor

104
Q

What are the 5 major consequences of portal hypertension

A

splenomegaly
ascites
portal-systemic shunts
hepatic encephalopathy

105
Q

This is portal hypertension and advanced liver failure present but have normal kidney tubular function

a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites

A

hepatorenal syndrome

106
Q

This is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, caused by cirrhosis or heart failure, abdominal malignancies nephrotic syndrome, infection or malnutrition

a. cirrhosis
b. portal hypertension
c. hepatorenal syndrome
d. ascites

A

ascites

107
Q

This liver complication is caused by a virus, chemical, drug reaction or ETOH

A

hepatitis

108
Q

hepatitis can be _ or _ inflammation

A

acute or chronic

109
Q

oral/fecal route of transmission, for example eating or drinking that is contaminated with virus

a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D

A

hepatitis type A

110
Q

this is spread percutaneously, blood borne by sexual contact or mother to baby

a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D

A

hepatitis type B

111
Q

this is blood borne route of transmission usually spread through needle sharing or puncture

a. hepatitis type A
b. hepatitis type B
c. hepatitis type C
d. hepatitis type D

A

hepatitis type C

112
Q

this can only be transmitted to persons who already have HVB

a. hepatitis type B
b. hepatitis type D
c. hepatitis type E
d. hepatitis type C

A

hepatitis type D

113
Q

this is oral or fecal route of transition, through pigs/rodents, not spread from person to person

a. hepatitis type B
b. hepatitis type C
c. hepatitis type E
d. hepatitis type D

A

hepatitis type E

114
Q

This type of pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, chronic ETOH abuse, trauma, or medications.

a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis

A

acute pancreatitis

115
Q

This type of pancreatitis involves interstitium of pancreas-mildest form

a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis

A

acute pancreatitis

116
Q

This type of pancreatitis is when trypsinogen is activated in the acinar cells to trypsin and excessive trypsin causes excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes which leads to auto digestion of the pancreas

a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis

A

acute pancreatitis

117
Q

This type of pancreatitis is an irreversible condition, primary cause is ETOH abuse and function declines as the disease process increases

a. acute pancreatitis
b. chronic pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer
d. cholelithiasis

A

chronic pancreatitis

118
Q

Pancreatic cancer is not easily detected until the latter stages of the disease process (true/false)

A

true

119
Q

This is a common GI disease, occurs when stones form in bile, most are asymptomatic, symptoms when stones block bile, there is right upper quadrant pain and abdominal tenderness

a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis

A

Cholelithiasis

120
Q

Referred pain for Cholelithiasis is

A

the upper back

121
Q

This gallbladder disease is calculi in common bile duct, usually asymptomatic and symptoms are similar to gallstone

a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis

A

Choledocholithiasis

122
Q

This gallbladder disease is an infection of the biliary tree, symptoms are the same as gallstone disease with fever, pain and jaundice

a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis

A

acute cholangitis

123
Q

Complications of _ _ can lead to pancreatitis and cholangitis

A

acute cholangitis

124
Q

What is the most common complication of gallstone disease?

a. Cholelithiasis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Acute cholangitis
d. Choloeycytitis

A

Choloeycytitis

125
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Choloeycytitis

126
Q

Gallbladder attacks are usually caused by a stone obstructing the flow of bile

A

Choloeycytitis

127
Q

Progressive destruction of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, asymptomatic until later, itching, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea

a. Choloeycytitis
b. Choledocholithiasis
c. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
d. Acute cholangitis

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

128
Q

What is an associated risk with dumpening syndrome?

A

can become hypoglycemic

129
Q

_ disease is related to issues with not absorbing normally

A

Celiac

130
Q

Celiac disease is an issue with what organ?

A

intestines - small intestine

131
Q

CD or UC is more likely to develop colon cancer

A

UC

132
Q

Herniations of mucosa through muscle layers of the colon wall

a. diverticula
b. diverticulosis
c. diverticulitis

A

diverticula

133
Q

Diverticulosis is (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

A

asymptomatic

134
Q

hernias are protrusions of an organ or tissue in the _, _ or _

A

groin, abdomen, or navel

135
Q

What is the most common site for a lymphoma?

A

stomach

136
Q

The gallbladder and pancreas produce bile (true/false)

A

false

LIVER DOES

137
Q 
Signs and symptoms of 
ascites
hematemesis
nose bleeds
bleeding gums
bruising
A

cirrhosis

138
Q

Which disease complication is related to excessive activation of trypsinogen?

A

acute pancreatitis

139
Q

Decreased level of consciousness in people with severe liver disease would indicate

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy

140
Q

with _ disease, pts most comfortable in _ _ position

A

liver

high fowlers

141
Q

A patient with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia and vomiting may have

A

acute pancreatitis

142
Q

chronic pancreatitis is (reversible/irreversible)

A

irreversible

143
Q

most common cause of cirrhosis

A

alcohol abuse and HCV

Patho II (9 decks)

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