Test 1 Flashcards by Heather Stephens

What are the components of the upper GI tract?

a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

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What are the components of the lower GI tract?

a. small intestine and large intestine
b. mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
c. mouth esophagus and stomach
d. small intestine, large intestine and duodenum

small intestine and large intestine

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Salvia releases what digestive enzyme?

a. parietal cells
b. gastric acid
c. gastric juice
d. amylase

amylase

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The upper GI tract aids in digestion (true/false)

true

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Describe the process of digestion

mouth to the esophagus to stomach then duodenum then small intestine and large intestine

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What system is responsible for the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach

small intestine

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What absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination?

a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. duodenum
d. stomach

large intestine

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Gut microflora is linked to what 5 disorders?

fibromyalgia
depression
sleep disorder
immune function
sarcopenia

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This GI symptom is primarily caused by irritated nerve endings in the stomach

a. nausea
b. vomiting
c. diarrhea
d. anorexia

nausea

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What can cause nausea?

severe pain
cardiac issues
diabetes 
drugs
emotions

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What are the possible negative effects of nausea?

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
malnourishment

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This GI symptom can be caused by anything that precipitates nausea

a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation

vomiting

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What are the two types of vomiting?

retching

projectile

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This is vomiting of blood that has been in contact with gastric acid

a. frank blood
b. coffee-ground emesis
c. stool

coffee-ground emesis

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This GI symptom can be associated with cancer, heart disease or renal disease

a. anorexia
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. constipation

anorexia

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this GI symptom is a result of increased metabolic rate caused by tumor cells and metabolites produced and released by tumor cells in the bloodstream

a. anorexia
b. anorexia-cachexia
c. diarrhea
d. vomiting

anorexia-cachexia

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Malnutrition, weight loss, muscular weakness and a negative nitrogen balance lead to

cachetic wasting

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This GI symptom can cause dehydration, weight loss and acidosis

a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea

diarrhea

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People with this GI symptom need more fiber in their diet

a. constipation
b. diarrhea
c. vomiting
d. nausea

constipation

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Constipation is more common in (women/men)

women

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Constipation commonly referes to what 3 locations?

a. shoulder, back and abdomen
b. back and butt
c. back, butt and thigh
d. shoulder and back

back, butt and thigh

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This GI symptom can be due to neurological disorders

a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding

dysphagia

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this GI symptom is very common in the elderly because of high use of meds and other anticoagulants

a. nausea
b. constipation
c. dysphagia
d. GI bleeding

GI bleeding

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Common causes of GI bleeding

erosive gastritis
peptic ulcers
NSAIDs
chronic alcohol use

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This type of GI bleed is abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood

melana

What are the PT implications for fluid-electrolyte imbalance

orthostatic hypotension | alteration of the sodium-potassium pump

What are the PT implications for pelvic floor rehabilitation?

retraining of pelvic floor muscles assisting with a scheduled toileting program patient education

Thoracolumbar referred pain patterns can be associated with a. acute ulcer b. chronic ulcer c. hernia d. GI bleeding

acute ulcer

Back and or shoulder referred pain patterns can be associated with a. acute ulcer b. chronic ulcer c. hernia d. GI bleeding

chronic ulcer

This is a fungal infection called thrush oral and is caused by candida albicans a. candidiasis/yeast b. herpes simplex c. oral leukoplakia d. oral cancer

candidiasis/yeast

This oral change is white, curd-like patches in the mouth/throat, painful and seen in the elderly a. candidiasis/yeast b. herpes simplex c. oral leukoplakia d. oral cancer

candidiasis/yeast

This is mouth sores caused by a viral infection a. candidiasis/yeast b. herpes simplex c. oral leukoplakia d. oral cancer

herpes simplex

This oral change with aging is a grey white to yellow white leathery, caused by chronic irritation in the mouth due to tobacco or alcohol a. candidiasis/yeast b. herpes simplex c. oral leukoplakia d. oral cancer

oral leukoplakia

What is the impact of aging on the alimentary tract?

intrinsic factor is produced at a lower rate and leads to less vitamin B12

Aging leads to less of what in the alimentary tract a. vitamin A b. gastric acid c. alamyse d. vitamin B12

vitamin B12

This is defined as not having enough vitamin B12

pernicious anemia

How does aging impact the alimentary tract?

decrease in gastric motility decrease blood flow nutrient absorption volume and acid content of gastric juice

An increase in intraabdominal pressure that forces the gastroesophageal junction through the diaphragm is called a. hiatal hernia b. GERD c. esophageal varices d. none of the above

hiatal hernia

Who is at risk of a hiatal hernia?

women older surgery trauma or muscle weakness

What position causes symptoms of hiatal hernia and what is the most common symptom?

supine position | heartburn

This is described as the reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus resulting in the inflammation of the esophagus. a. hiatal hernia b. GERD c. esophageal varices d. none of the above

GERD

Most common symptom of GERD

heartburn

Most common type of esophagitis

GERD

GERD commonly results in _ symptoms

cardiac-related

What causes GERD? a. NSAIDs b. alcohol c. lifestyle d. exercise

lifestyle

What are treatment options for GERD?

proton pump inhibitors histamine 2 blockers raise head of bed and sleep on left side, avoid large meals before bed, antacids

What is the pain pattern of GERD a. shoulder b. upper back c. shoulder and upper back d. chest

shoulder and upper back

This is defined as dilated veins in lower portion of the esophagus immediately beneath the mucosa a. hiatal hernia b. GERD c. esophageal varices d. none of the above

esophageal varices

esophageal varices can be caused by

cirrohosis

esophageal varices can result in severe

hematemsis

How do you treat esophageal varices?

avoid rupture proper lifting techniques avoid activities that increase intraabdominal pressure

Erosive or hemorrhagic bleeding in the stomach is a. acute gastritis b. chronic gastritis c. peptic ulcer disease d. none of the above

acute gastritis

this illness in the stomach is associated with pernicious anemia and autoimmune disorders of digestive glands a. acute gastritis b. chronic gastritis type A c. chronic gastritis type B d. peptic ulcer disease

chronic gastritis type A

This stomach illness is the most common and caused by H.pylori bacteria a. acute gastritis b. chronic gastritis type A c. chronic gastritis type B d. peptic ulcer disease

chronic gastritis type B

This is defined as a break in the protective mucosal lining exposing submucosal areas to gastric secretions a. acute gastritis b. chronic gastritis type A c. chronic gastritis type B d. peptic ulcer disease

peptic ulcer disease

This type of stomach illness affects the lining of the stomach and is associated with NSAID use a. chronic gastritis type A b. chronic gastritis type B c. gastric ulcer d. duodenal ulcer

gastric ulcer

This type of stomach illness occurs in the duodenum and is associated with h.pylori infection a. chronic gastritis type A b. chronic gastritis type B c. gastric ulcer d. duodenal ulcer

duodenal ulcer

What is the referred pain pattern for peptic ulcer disease

back right shoulder burning pain nausea

This is a rapid emptying of chyme from a surgically created residual stomach into the small intestine

dumpening syndrome

This is a reduced intestinal absorption of dietary components and excessive loss of nutrients in the stool a. malabsorption syndrome b. inflammatory bowel disease c. IBS d. diverticulosis

malabsorption syndrome

What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

Crohns disease | Ulcerative colitis

this type of inflammatory bowel disease is chronic, lifelong with no cure, and is not consistent through the tract

crohns disease

this type of inflammatory bowel disease is a consistent disease throughout the tract, inflammation of the cola

ulcerative colitis

What is the major risk factor with inflammatory bowel disease?

cancer

What is the most common GI disorder?

irritable bowel syndrome

There is no identifiable abnormality of the bowel with IBS (true/false)

true

How is IBS treated with PT?

proper breathing techniques | relaxation

Pouches on the intestine

diverticulosis

inflammation of pouches on intestine that get blocked, painful, can be severe abdominal pain and pass blood

diverticulitis

Where is the referred pain with diverticulitis?

back

What are 3 intestinal obstructions?

intussuception volvulus hernia

This intestinal obstruction is part of the intestine has come back on another intestine a. intussusception b. volvulus c. hernia d. none of the above

intussusception

This intestine obstruction is when there is twisting of the bowel and it obstructs/cuts off blood flow which can lead to necrosis and lose section of bowel a. intussusception b. volvulus c. hernia d. none of the above

volvulus

This intestine obstruction is when there is a protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue in the groin, abdomen or navel a. intussusception b. volvulus c. hernia d. none of the above

hernia

This hernia is caused by the intestine and the sac contains the intestine is pushed out though the weakest point a. inguinal hernia b. sports hernia c. femoral hernia d. umbilical hernia

inguinal hernia

Groin pain of the posterior wall of inguinal wall is a. inguinal hernia b. sports hernia c. femoral hernia d. umbilical hernia

sports hernia

When the loop of the intestine goes into the femoral canal, common with women who have multiple children a. inguinal hernia b. sports hernia c. femoral hernia d. umbilical hernia

femoral hernia

This is the thinning of umbilical ring or fascia can have tissue/intestine pushing out there a. inguinal hernia b. sports hernia c. femoral hernia d. umbilical hernia

umbilical hernia

an incisional hernia happens

post operatively

Pain in gastric, low-grade fever in adults, high grade in children, pelvic pain women, increased intraabdominal pressure makes it worse

appendicitis

what are you supposed to check if they have an appendicitis

lower right region

a flat plaque-like, superficial, ulcerating, infiltrates the gastric wall a. adenocarcinoma b. lymphomas

adenocarcinoma

what are the two types of gastric tumors

adenocarcinoma | lymphomas

this type of tumor arises from b-cells of mucosa and most commonly stomach is the site a. adenocarcinoma b. lymphomas

lymphomas

List the functions of the liver

``` source of albumin produces clotting factors III, IV, X and Von Williebrand Factor stores vitamins filters toxins produces bile ```

This function of the pancreas is to secrete digestive enzymes and pancreatic juices a. exocrine gland b. endocrine gland c. both endo and exo d. none of the above

exocrine gland

This function of the pancreas is to produce insulin and glucagon a. exocrine gland b. endocrine gland c. both endo and exo d. none of the above

endocrine gland

What are the functions of the pancreas

exocrine gland endorine gland stores and concentrates bile

What are the functions of the gallbladder

bile storage breaks down fat cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum and upper small intestine to signal gall bladder to contract

``` What do these signs/symptoms describe dark urine and light-colored stools skin changes spider angiomas neurological symptoms asterixis MSK locations of pain hepatic osteodystrophy ```

hepatic disease

Superficial dilated capillaries because of increased in estrogen or presence of liver failure is called

spider angiomas

too much ammonia causing nerve pathology, tremor at wrist or liver flap with disease of liver is called

asterixis

what are the locations of pain associated with hepatic disease

thoracic right shoulder upper trap

abnormal development of bone

hepatic osteodystrophy

what are major complications of liver disease

portal hypertension ascites hepatic encephalopathy

jaundice is a disease (true/false)

false

``` symptoms of _ overproduction of bilirubin defects of bilirubin metabolism presence of liver disease obstruction of bile flow yellow in skin, noticed in eye ```

jaundice

How does aging impact the liver

decreases in size and weight requires more time to process substances fibrotic changes occur decreasing function decrease blood flow

How does aging impact the pancreas?

fibrotic, fatty acid deposits and atrophy | little to no decrease in function

How does aging impact the gallbladder?

little to no effect on size, contractility or function

This liver disease is a chronic, progressive inflammation, liver tissue is fibrotic and nodular, most common cause is chronic ETOH abuse and HCV, not reversible a. cirrhosis b. portal hypertension c. hepatorenal syndrome d. ascites

cirrhosis

This liver disease is an increase in hepatic sinusoidal pressure over 6mmhg, obstruction of vessels a. cirrhosis b. portal hypertension c. hepatorenal syndrome d. ascites

portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is caused by

cirrhosis, obstruction, infection, tumor

What are the 5 major consequences of portal hypertension

splenomegaly ascites portal-systemic shunts hepatic encephalopathy

This is portal hypertension and advanced liver failure present but have normal kidney tubular function a. cirrhosis b. portal hypertension c. hepatorenal syndrome d. ascites

hepatorenal syndrome

This is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, caused by cirrhosis or heart failure, abdominal malignancies nephrotic syndrome, infection or malnutrition a. cirrhosis b. portal hypertension c. hepatorenal syndrome d. ascites

ascites

This liver complication is caused by a virus, chemical, drug reaction or ETOH

hepatitis

hepatitis can be _ or _ inflammation

acute or chronic

oral/fecal route of transmission, for example eating or drinking that is contaminated with virus a. hepatitis type A b. hepatitis type B c. hepatitis type C d. hepatitis type D

hepatitis type A

this is spread percutaneously, blood borne by sexual contact or mother to baby a. hepatitis type A b. hepatitis type B c. hepatitis type C d. hepatitis type D

hepatitis type B

this is blood borne route of transmission usually spread through needle sharing or puncture a. hepatitis type A b. hepatitis type B c. hepatitis type C d. hepatitis type D

hepatitis type C

this can only be transmitted to persons who already have HVB a. hepatitis type B b. hepatitis type D c. hepatitis type E d. hepatitis type C

hepatitis type D

this is oral or fecal route of transition, through pigs/rodents, not spread from person to person a. hepatitis type B b. hepatitis type C c. hepatitis type E d. hepatitis type D

hepatitis type E

This type of pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, chronic ETOH abuse, trauma, or medications. a. acute pancreatitis b. chronic pancreatitis c. pancreatic cancer d. cholelithiasis

acute pancreatitis

This type of pancreatitis involves interstitium of pancreas-mildest form a. acute pancreatitis b. chronic pancreatitis c. pancreatic cancer d. cholelithiasis

acute pancreatitis

This type of pancreatitis is when trypsinogen is activated in the acinar cells to trypsin and excessive trypsin causes excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes which leads to auto digestion of the pancreas a. acute pancreatitis b. chronic pancreatitis c. pancreatic cancer d. cholelithiasis

acute pancreatitis

This type of pancreatitis is an irreversible condition, primary cause is ETOH abuse and function declines as the disease process increases a. acute pancreatitis b. chronic pancreatitis c. pancreatic cancer d. cholelithiasis

chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatic cancer is not easily detected until the latter stages of the disease process (true/false)

true

This is a common GI disease, occurs when stones form in bile, most are asymptomatic, symptoms when stones block bile, there is right upper quadrant pain and abdominal tenderness a. Cholelithiasis b. Choledocholithiasis c. Acute cholangitis d. Choloeycytitis

Cholelithiasis

Referred pain for Cholelithiasis is

the upper back

This gallbladder disease is calculi in common bile duct, usually asymptomatic and symptoms are similar to gallstone a. Cholelithiasis b. Choledocholithiasis c. Acute cholangitis d. Choloeycytitis

Choledocholithiasis

This gallbladder disease is an infection of the biliary tree, symptoms are the same as gallstone disease with fever, pain and jaundice a. Cholelithiasis b. Choledocholithiasis c. Acute cholangitis d. Choloeycytitis

acute cholangitis

Complications of _ _ can lead to pancreatitis and cholangitis

acute cholangitis

What is the most common complication of gallstone disease? a. Cholelithiasis b. Choledocholithiasis c. Acute cholangitis d. Choloeycytitis

Choloeycytitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Choloeycytitis

Gallbladder attacks are usually caused by a stone obstructing the flow of bile

Choloeycytitis

Progressive destruction of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, asymptomatic until later, itching, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea a. Choloeycytitis b. Choledocholithiasis c. Primary sclerosing cholangitis d. Acute cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

What is an associated risk with dumpening syndrome?

can become hypoglycemic

_ disease is related to issues with not absorbing normally

Celiac

Celiac disease is an issue with what organ?

intestines - small intestine

CD or UC is more likely to develop colon cancer

Herniations of mucosa through muscle layers of the colon wall a. diverticula b. diverticulosis c. diverticulitis

diverticula

Diverticulosis is (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

asymptomatic

hernias are protrusions of an organ or tissue in the _, _ or _

groin, abdomen, or navel

What is the most common site for a lymphoma?

stomach

The gallbladder and pancreas produce bile (true/false)

false | LIVER DOES

``` Signs and symptoms of ascites hematemesis nose bleeds bleeding gums bruising ```

cirrhosis

Which disease complication is related to excessive activation of trypsinogen?

acute pancreatitis

Decreased level of consciousness in people with severe liver disease would indicate

Hepatic Encephalopathy

with _ disease, pts most comfortable in _ _ position

liver | high fowlers

A patient with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia and vomiting may have

acute pancreatitis

chronic pancreatitis is (reversible/irreversible)

irreversible

most common cause of cirrhosis

alcohol abuse and HCV