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z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) > Terrestrial Environment > Flashcards

Terrestrial Environment Flashcards

1
Q

removal of moisture

A

desiccation

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2
Q

what resulted in the need to remain erect against gravitational force in terrestrial environments

A

structural materials
- skeleton (animals)
- cellulose (plants)

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3
Q

percent of light reflected by top of canopy (forest)

A

10%

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4
Q

percent of light absorbed by forest

A
  • 79%
  • 7%
  • 2%
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5
Q

percent of light that reach the ground in forest

A

2%

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6
Q

percent of light reflected by top of canopy (meadow)

A

20%

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7
Q

percent of light absorbed by the meadow

A
  • 5%
  • 36%
  • 34%
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8
Q

percent of light that reach the ground in meadow

A

5%

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9
Q

the amount of light reaching the ground in teresstrial vegetation varies with what

A

season

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10
Q

in forests, how much percent of light striking the canopy reaches the ground

A

1-5%

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11
Q

enables plants in the forest floor to endure shaded conditions

A

sunflecks

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12
Q
  • natural product formed and synthesized by the weathering of rocks and the action of living organisms
  • collection of natural bodies of earth
  • composed of mineral and organic matter that is capable of supporting plant growth
A

soil

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13
Q

soil is a natural product of what?

A
  • unconsolidated mineral
  • organic matter
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14
Q

what is the soil

A
  1. medium for plant growth
  2. factor controlling fate of water in land
  3. nature’s recycling system
  4. habitat to a diversity of animal life
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15
Q

soil formation begins with what?

A

weathering of rock and minerals

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16
Q

what breaks down rock in mechanical weathering

A
  • water
  • wind
  • temperature
  • plants
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17
Q

what breaks down rock in chemical weathering

A
  • activity of soil organisms (acid they produce)
  • rainwater
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18
Q

what wearaway the rock’s surface

A

wind-borne particles

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19
Q

what split the rock open

A
  • water between crevices freezing and expanding
  • growing roots
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20
Q

Five factors that forms soil

A
  1. parent material
  2. climate
  3. biotic factors
  4. topography
  5. time
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21
Q

provides the substrate from which soil develops

A

parent material

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22
Q

shapes soil development through temperature, precipitation, and its influence of vegetation and animal life

A

climate

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23
Q
  • vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi
  • add organic matter and mix it with mineral matter
A

biotic factors

24
Q

influences the amount of water entering the soil and the rates of erosion

A

topography

25
Q

can affect how climate influences the weathering process

A

contour of land

26
Q
  • crucial element in soil formation
  • forming well-developed soils may require 2000 to 20,000 years
A

time

27
Q

years required to create well-developed soils

A

approx. 2000 - 20,000 years

28
Q

physical properties of soil

A
  1. color
  2. texture
  3. depth
29
Q

has little direct influence on soil function

A

soil color

30
Q

proportion of different-sized soil particles

A

soil texture

31
Q

soil particles

A
  • sand
  • silt
  • clay
32
Q

what determines soil texture

A
  • parent material
  • soil-forming process
33
Q

varies across landscape, depending on slope, weatherin, parent materials, and vegetation

A

soil depth

34
Q

soil develop in layers called __

A

horizons

35
Q

Four horizons in soil

A

O - organic layer
A/E - topsoil
B - subsoil
C - unconsolidated material

36
Q

accumulation of organic matter

A

A/E horizon

37
Q

mineral materials accumlate

A

B horizon

38
Q

unconsolidated material underlying the subsoil and extending downward to the bedrock

A

C horizon

39
Q

What are the four layers of the rainforest

A
  • emergent layer
  • canopy layer
  • understory
  • forest floor
40
Q
  • top layer of the rainforest
  • trees as tall as 60 meters (200 feet) dominate the skyline
A

emergent layer

41
Q
  • deep layer of vegetation roughly six meters (20 feet) thick
  • its dense network of leaves and branches forms a roof over the two remaining layers.
  • blocks winds, rainfall, and sunlight, creating a humid, still, and dark environment below
A

canopy layer

42
Q
  • several meters below the canopy,
  • even darker, stiller, and more humid environment
A

understory layer

43
Q
  • darkest of all rainforest layers, making it extremely difficult for plants to grow
  • Leaves that fall here forest floor decay quickly
  • Decomposers, such as termites, slugs, scorpions, worms, and fungi, thrive
A

forest floor

44
Q

quantifies the amount of leaf material in a canopy

A

Leaf area index (LAI)

45
Q

dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays

A

Humus

46
Q

water remaining in a soil after it has been thoroughly saturated and allowed to drain freely, usually for one to two days

A

Field capacity

47
Q

held in pores that are small enough to hold water against gravity, but not so tightly that roots cannot absorb it

A

Capillary water

48
Q

point when there is no water available to the plant

A

Wilting point

49
Q
  • amount of water that a soil can store that is available for use by plants
  • water held between field capacity and the wilting point
A

Available water capacity

50
Q

Five process of soil formation

A
  1. Laterization
  2. Calcification
  3. Salinization
  4. Podzolization
  5. Gleization
51
Q
  • pedogenic process (soil formation) found in tropical and subtropical environments (humid environment)
  • involves chemical and physicochemical changes and conversion of primary rock-forming minerals into compounds rich in lattice clay minerals and laterite constituents
A

Laterization

52
Q

What is formed in laterization

A

compounds rich in lattice clay minerals and laterite constituents

53
Q
  • evaporation or uptake of plants exceed precipitation
  • minerals are left behind
  • accumulation and precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in soil
A

Calcification

54
Q
  • same with calcification but on drier climates
  • excessive accumulation of water-soluble salts
A

Salinization

55
Q
  • occurs in cold, moist climates
  • conifer vegetation dominate
  • dominant soil forming process, with organic acids leaching iron (Fe) and Al from surficial mineral soil layers (eluviation) and depositing them as organic Fe and Al complexes in lower mineral soil layers (illuviation)
A

Podzolization

56
Q
  • high rainfall
  • accumulation in upper area
  • formation of gley (sticky clay soil)
  • associated with poor drainage
A

Gleization

z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) (10 decks)

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