Animal Adaptations to the Environment Flashcards
has consequences for structural and functional relationships in animals, and as such, presents a fundamental constraint on adaptation
size
geometrically similar objects, such as cubes, or spheres
isometric
mouthparts of mosquito
piercing mouthparts
mouthparts of grasshopper
chewing mouthparts
mouthparts of seed-eating bird
strong, conical bill
mouthparts of flamingo
straining bill
mouthparts of hawk
tearing beak
mouthparts of herbivores
grinding molars
mouthparts of carnivores
canine and shearing teeth
shape helps eagle to catcch animals as it flies
strong, sharp, hooked beak
shape helps crack nuts and seeds and to tear fruits
sharp and curved beak
shape helps it to catch fish and worms in the water
flat and broad beak
shape helps it to pick small grains
small pointed beak
shape helps it to suck nectar from flowers
straw-like, long and slender beak
Three classifications of animals based on sources of food
- herbivores
- carnivores
- omnivores
feed exclusively on plant tissues
herbivores
flesh eaters
carnivores
eats plants and animals
omnivores
Two classifications of plants based on variations in the external environment
- conformers
- regulators
organisms that are unable to maintain consistent internal conditions such as body fluid salinity or levels of tissue oxygen
conformers
examples of conformers
echinoderms (osmoconformers)
internal body fluids quickly come to equilibrium with seawater that surrounds them
osmoconformers
use a variety of biochemical, physiological, morphological, and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their internal environments over a broad range of external environmental conditions
regulators
what is involved in regulation of internal conditions
- homeostasis
- feedback
maintainance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment
homeostasis
feedback loop
- variable
- receptor
- integrator
- effector
focus of regulation
variable
- measures the internal environment for the variable
- transfers the information to the integrator
receptor
- evaluates the information from the receptor
- determines actions that need to be taken by the effector
integrator
functions to modify the internal environment (variable that is the focus of regulation)
effector
temperature regulation in the human body
- body temperature (variable)
- nerve receptors (receptor)
- brain (integrator)
- muscles (effector)
Major ways of gaining water and solutes by terrestrial animals
- directly drinking and eating
- indirectly by producing metabolic water in process of respiration
aviod the effects of drought by entering a period of physiological inactivity (dormancy)
estivation
stage of arrested development in their life cycle from which they emerge when conditions improve
diapause
summer sleep
estivation
winter sleep
hibernation
- aquatic organisms living in freshwater
- have higher salt concentration in their bodies than surrounding water
hyperosmotic
organisms have lower salt concentrations in their body than surrounding water
hypoosmotic
body fluids have same osmotic pressure as surrounding seawater
isosmotic
organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means such as basking or burrowing.
poikilotherms
poikilotherms word from
Greek poikilos = changeable
organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity
homeotherms
homeotherms word from
Greek homoeo = same
animals produce significant quantities of heat by __
metabolism
how can animals seek out or escape heat and cold
mobility
respiratory system of insect
- tracheal system
- spiracles
respiratory openings found on the thorax and abdomen of insects
Spiracles
respiratory system of mammals
lungs
respiratory of scallop and fish
gills
