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z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) > Plant Adaptations to the Environment > Flashcards

Plant Adaptations to the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

all life on earth is __

A

carbon-based

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2
Q
  • complex sequence of metabolic reactions
  • can be separated into two processes: light dependent, light-independent reactions
A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

two process of photosynthesis

A
  • light dependent reaction
  • light independent reaction
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4
Q

Process of photosynthesis (formula)

A

6CO2 + 12H20 –> C6H1206 + 602 + 6H20

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5
Q

rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and therefore net photosynthesis, aer typially measured in what

A

mole CO2 per unit leaf area (or mass) per unit time
(µmol/m^2/s)

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6
Q

the harvesting of energy from the chemical breakdown of simple sugars and other carbohydrates

A

cellular respiration

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6
Q

net photosynthesis formula

A

photosynthesis - repiration

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7
Q

where does the process of cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

other term for cellular respiration

A

aerobic respiration

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9
Q

what does the cellular respiration involve

A

oxidation of carbohydrates to generate energy (ATP)

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10
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> GCO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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11
Q

where does the process of photosynthessis occur

A

chloroplast in mesophyll cells

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12
Q

three main types of photosynthesis

A
  1. C3 photosynthetic pathway
  2. C4 photosynthetic pathway
  3. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
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13
Q

other term for C3 photosynthetic pathway

A

Calvin cycle

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14
Q

products of light dependent reactions

A
  • ATP
  • NADPH
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15
Q

what is ATP and NADPH used for

A
  • synthesize energy-rich sugar G3P
  • regenerate RuBP (light-independent reaction)
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16
Q

obligatory component of energy-producing reactions including glycolysis and glycerolipid biosynthesis

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)

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17
Q

molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue

A

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

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18
Q

catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP

A

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO)

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19
Q
  • light of wavelengths 400-700 nm
  • portion of light spectrum utilised by plants for photosynthesis
A

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

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20
Q

provides energy required to convert co2 into simple sugars

A

solar radiation

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21
Q

what directly influence rate of photosynthesis

A

availability of light (PAR)

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22
Q

what happens at night in the absence of PAR

A
  • respiration
  • net uptake of CO2 is negative
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23
Q

what does rate of CO2 loss when value of PAR is zero provide

A

estimate of rate of respiration

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24
Q

what happens when the value of PAR increases

A

rate of photosynthesis also increases

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25
Q

Rate of net photosynthesis is zero

A

CO2 uptake in photosynthesis = CO2 loss in respiration

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26
Q
  • light level at which rate of CO2 uptake for photosynthesis = loss of CO2 in respiration
  • value of PAR at which
    O2 produced by photosynthesis = O2 consumed by respiration
A

light compensation point

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27
Q
  • light intensity at which a plant reaches the maximum photosynthesis rate
  • about 10% of full sunlight for shade plants
  • 50-70% of full sunlight for C3 sun plants
  • 200% for C4 sunplants
A

light saturation point

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28
Q

value of net CO2 exchange at PAR = 0 provides an estimate of what

A

rate of respiration

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29
Q

where CO2 enters leaf in terrestrial plants

A

stomata

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30
Q

how does CO2 enter in stomata

A

diffusion

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31
Q

where does water move

A

region of high to low (more negative) water potential

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32
Q

difference between aquatic and terrestrial plants in their leaves

A

lack of stomata in aquatic autotrophs

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33
Q

examples of aquatic autotrophs

A
  • submerged plants
  • algae
  • phytoplankton
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34
Q

difference between terrestrial and aquatic autotrophs in terms of carbon source

A

some aquatic species use bicarbonate

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35
Q

used to convert bicarbonate into CO2

A

carbonic anhydrase

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36
Q

two ways of conversion of bicarbonate into CO2

A
  1. active transport of bicarbonate into cell followed by conversion to CO2
  2. excretion of enzyme to adjacent waters and subsequent uptake of converted CO2 across membrane
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37
Q

both photosynthesis and respiration respond directly to variations in what

A

temperature

38
Q

temperature that controls the rate of photosynthesis and respiration

A

temperature of leaf

39
Q

where does temperature of leaf depend

A

exchange of thermal energy between leaf and surrounding environment

40
Q

where is the relative importance of evaporation and convection to the maintenance of leaf temperature dependent

A

physical environment

41
Q

heat dissipation in location where water is available

A

transpiration

42
Q

heat dissipation in location with drier conditions

A

convection

43
Q

harness energy of the SUn to fuel conversion of CO2 into glucose in process of photosynthesis

A

autotrophs

44
Q

temperature decrease from __ to __ of leaf surface

A

center to edge

45
Q

to survive, grow, and reproduce, what must plants maintain

A

positive carbon balance (photosynthesis > respiration)

46
Q

examples of many features of physical environment that directly influence plant processes

A
  1. light
  2. temperature
  3. moisture
47
Q

most important of trade-offs in the ability of plants to adapt to limitations

A

acquisition of ABOVE and BELOW ground sources

48
Q

allocating carbon to production of leaves and stems

A

decrease allocation of carbon to production of roots

49
Q

allocating carbon to production of roots

A

decrease allocation of carbon to production of leaves

50
Q

where does the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface vary

A
  • diurnally
  • seasonally
  • geographically
51
Q

major factor influencing amount of light a plant receives

A

shade

52
Q

Two light environments where plants live

A
  1. sun
  2. shade
53
Q

species adapted to high-light environments

A
  • shade-intolerant species or
  • sun-adapted species
54
Q

species adapted to low-light environments

A

shade-tolerant plants

55
Q

shade-tolerant plants tend to have what

A
  • lower light saturation point
  • lower maximum rate of photosynthesis
56
Q

why do shade-tolerant plants have lower light saturation point and lower maximum rate of photosynthesis

A

lower concentrations of photosynthetic enzyme RuBisCo

57
Q

low concentrations of producing rubisco and other compounds involved in photosyntheis result in what

A

lower rate of leaf respiration

58
Q

where are the variations in photosynthesis, respiration and growth rate that characterize plant species adapted to different light environments illustrated

A

work of plant ecologist
Peter Reich & colleagues at University of Minnesota

59
Q

Results of Peter Reicha nd colleagues about species adapted to lower light environments

A

lower maximum rates of net photosynthesis and leaf respiration

60
Q

plants adaptation have evolved to respond variations in what

A
  • precipitation
  • soil moisture
  • demand for water linked to temperature
61
Q

as air temperature rises, what increases

A

saturation vapor pressure

62
Q

amount of water required by plant to offset losses from transpiration will increase with __

A

temperature

63
Q

what causes the decline in leaf area due to decreasing water availability

A

reduced allocation of carbon to production of leaves

64
Q

capture light energy and transform CO2 into sugars in mesophyll cells

A

C3 plants

65
Q

divide photosynthesis between mesohpyll and bundle sheath cells

A

C4 plants

66
Q

C4 plants two distinct types of photosynthetic cells

A
  • mesophyll cells
  • bundle sheath cells
67
Q

C4 plants are mostly what

A
  • grasses (native to tropical and subtropical regions)
  • shrubs (arid and saline environments)
68
Q

pathway used by small group desert plants in hot deserts

A

CAM pathway

69
Q

Two advantages of C4 plants over C3 plants

A
  1. PEP does not react with oxygen
  2. conversion of malic and aspartic acids into CO2 with bundle sheath increase efficiency of reaction
70
Q

C4 plants have a __ __ __ of photosynthesis than C3 plants

A

higher maximum rate

71
Q

PEP

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

72
Q

CAM plants open their stomata at night to take up CO2 and convert it to __ using __

A
  • malic acid
  • PEP
73
Q

although CAM pathway is slow and inefficient, what is its advantages?

A
  • reduce water loss through transpiration
  • increase water-use efficiency
74
Q

what causes the different temperature responses of different species from different thermal habitats

A

process of acclimation reversible phenotypic changes

75
Q
  • plants acquire this through the formation or addition of protective compounds in the cells, which act as antifreeze and lower the temperature at which freezing occurs
  • genetically controlled characteristic
A

frost hardening

76
Q

happens when plants shed their leaves before the colds season start

A

winter deciduous

77
Q

amount of light reaching a plant influences what

A

photosynthetic rate

78
Q

two key physical processes of photosynthesis

A
  1. diffusion
  2. transpiration
79
Q

where does the amount of water loss depend

A

humidity

80
Q

where does plant draw water, and release to

A
  • draw from soil (highest water potential)
  • release to atmosphere (lowest water potential)
81
Q

what problems are created during transpiration

A

moisture conservation problems

82
Q

how are stomata used

A
  • open to take CO2
  • closed to conserve water
83
Q

affect both photosynthesis and respiration

A

leaf temperature

84
Q

what increases with temperature

A

respiration

85
Q

difference between the absorption and release of longwave and shortwave radiation by plants

A

plant’s net radiation balance

86
Q

response to different light environments by plants

A
  • adaptations
  • phenotypic plasticity
87
Q

have low photosynthetic, respiratory, metabolic, and growth rates

A

shade-adapted (shade-tolerant) plants

88
Q
  • have higher photosynthetic, respiratory, and growth rates
  • lower survival rates under shaded conditions
A

sunplants (shade-intolerant)

89
Q

where does C4 plants fix CO2

A
  • malate
  • aspartate
    mesophyll cells
90
Q

the amount of carbon fixed per unit of water transpired

A

water-use efficiency

91
Q

CAM plants convert CO2 to what

A

malate

92
Q

ability to tolerate high air teperatures is related to what

A

plant moisture balance

93
Q

directly affects a plant’s survival, growth, and reproduction

A

availability of nutrients

z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) (10 decks)

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