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z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

group of individuals of single species inhabiting specific area

A

population

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2
Q

physical environmental conditions that allow individuals of species to survive and reproduce

A

habitat

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3
Q

ability of environmental conditions to support reproductio and survival

A

habitat quality

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4
Q

habitat quality

A
  • habitat area/volume
  • resource concentration
  • time
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5
Q

habitat quality = ?

A

organisms acquire many resources

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6
Q

large population = ?

A

high survival + reproduction

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7
Q

Characteristics of a population

A
  1. distribution
  2. density
  3. abundance
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8
Q
  • physical environment limits geographic distribution of species
  • organisms can only compensate so much for environmental variation
A

distribution limits

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9
Q

arrangement of individuals of a population within a particular space

A

distribution

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10
Q

different types of distribution

A
  1. random distribution
  2. uniform distribution
  3. clumped distribution
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11
Q

organisms are spread throughout the area without an overall pattern

A

random distribution

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12
Q

organisms are distributed over an area

A

uniform distribution

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13
Q

organisms are concentrated in an area

A

clumped distribution

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14
Q

Three reasons for clumped distribution

A
  1. patchy distribution of physical and chemical condition suitable for growth
  2. some parts offer more protection
  3. dispersal of seeds, larvae and other representative forms of each generation is limited
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15
Q

brought by severe competition and positive antagonism among individuals

A

uniform distribution

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16
Q

number of individuals in a populatoin

A

size

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17
Q

size can be stated as

A

kind - place - time - number

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18
Q

Factors affecting size of population

A
  1. natality
  2. mortality
  3. immigration
  4. emigration
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19
Q

number of species that are born

A

natality

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20
Q

two types of natality

A
  1. maximum natality
  2. ecological natality
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21
Q

absolute or theoretical production of new individual under ideal condition

A

maximum natality

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22
Q

population incrase under actual or environmental condition

A

ecological natality

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23
Q

number of species that die

A

mortality

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24
Q

two types of mortality

A
  1. minimum mortality
  2. ecological mortality
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25
Q

loss of individual under ideal condition

A

minimum mortality

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26
Q

loss of individual under given environmental condition

A

ecological mortality

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27
Q

number of species that entered the land

A

immigration

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28
Q

number of species that leave the land

A

emigration

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29
Q

number of individuals of a species living in a particular area of that population

A

density

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30
Q

factors affecting density of a population

A
  1. resources
  2. diseases and parasites
  3. competition
  4. predation
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31
Q

there are a range of __ and __ factors that affect population density

A
  • human
  • natural
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32
Q

Physical Factors that affect population density

A
  1. Relief (shape and height of land)
  2. Resources
  3. Climate
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33
Q

relief in high density

A

low land which is flat

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34
Q

relief in low density

A

high land that is mountainous

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35
Q

resources in high density

A

areas rich in resources

36
Q

resources in low density

A

areas with few resources tend to be sparesly populated

37
Q

climate in high density

A

areas with temperate climates tend to be densely populatied due to enough rain and heat to grow crops

38
Q

climate in low density

A

areas with extrene climates of hot and cold tend to be sparsely populated

39
Q

Human Factors that affect population density

A
  1. political
  2. social
  3. economic
40
Q

political in high density

A

high population with stable governments

41
Q

political in low density

A

low population in unstable countries

42
Q

social in high density

A

want to live closer to each other for security

43
Q

social in low density

A

other groups of people prefer to be isolated

44
Q

economic in high density

A

good job opportunities particularly in large cities

45
Q

economic in low density

A

limited job opportunities

46
Q

number of offspring that could theoretically exist if all offsprings survived and produced young

A

biotic potenital

47
Q

biotic potential depends on:

A
  1. number of offspring produced at given time
  2. frequency of reproduction
  3. reproductive life cycle of organism
48
Q

Why is biotic potential not reach by population?

A
  1. environmental resistance
  2. carrying capacity
49
Q

collection of environmental factors that reduces the growth rate of a population

A

environmental resistance

50
Q

number of individuals in a particular population that the environment can support over an indefinite period of time in terms of food, space, and shelter

A

carrying capacity

51
Q

size of population is affected by

A
  1. environmental resistance
  2. biotic potential
  3. carrying capacity
52
Q

Factors influencing population growth

A
  1. density dependent limiting factor
  2. density independent limiting factor
53
Q
  • directly associated with living things
  • factors that depends on the size of population
A

density dependent limiting factors

54
Q

influences the population regardless of the density

A

density independent factors

55
Q

examples of density dependent limiting factors

A
  1. effect of competition
  2. predators
  3. diseases
  4. availability of space and food
56
Q

examples of density independent factors

A
  1. changes in weather
  2. temperature
  3. daily and seasonal variations of sunlight
  4. amount of available air
  5. water and soil condition
  6. slope of the environment
57
Q

Two types of population growth

A
  1. logistic growth
  2. exponential growth
58
Q

have period of rapid population growth, goes through a number of phases and eventually stops or slows down

A

logistic growth

59
Q

population growth is extremely rapid and at a constant rate

A

exponential growth

60
Q

logistic growth

A
  • increase density of populatio and increase in competition
  • mortality increases, birth rate decreases
61
Q

Logistic growth formula

A

population growth rate = (max. net reproduction per individ.) (no. of individ.) (portion of unexploited resources)

62
Q

exponential growth

A

maximum growth rate of population achieving biotic potential

63
Q

Exponential growth formula

A

population growth rate = (birth-deaths) (no. of individ.)

64
Q

Life cycle

A
  1. prereproductive period (juvenile period)
  2. reproductive period
  3. postreproductive period
65
Q

depend on age composition and specific growth rates due to reproduction of competent age group

A

over-all population growth

66
Q

chart showing the age and sex distribution of the population in a given time

A

age pyramid

67
Q

Three Types of pyramid

A
  1. pyramid with broad base
  2. bell shaped polygon
  3. urn shaped
68
Q

large percentage of young individuals

A

pyramid with broad base

69
Q

moderate proportion of young to old

A

bell shaped polygon

70
Q
  • low percentage of young individual
  • senile or declining population
A

urn shaped

71
Q

Types of population pyramid

A
  1. stable pyramid
  2. stationary pyramid
  3. expansive pyramid
  4. constrictive pyramid
72
Q

population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality

A

stable pyramid

73
Q
  • population pyramis typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality
  • very similar to constrictive pyramid
A

stationary pyramid

74
Q
  • population pyramid showing a broad base
  • indicate high proportion of childre, rapid rate of population growth, low proportion of older people
A

expansive pyramid

75
Q
  • population pyramid showing lower numbers of percentages of younger people
  • country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older, as the country has long life expectancy, low death rate, low birth rate
A

constrictive pyramid

76
Q

recording of births and deaths among individuals of different ages

A

life table

77
Q

record of fate of group of newborn individuals until the last one dies

A

cohort life table

78
Q

death schedule of the organism taken as the sample for study

A

survivorship

79
Q

Three general types of survivorship curves

A
  1. type 1 populations
  2. type 2 populations
  3. type 3 populations
80
Q

high survivorship until some age, then high mortality

A

type 1 populations

81
Q

type 1 populations examples

A
  • humans in developed countries
  • animals in zoo
82
Q

fairly constant death rate at all ages

A

type 2 populations

83
Q

type 2 populations examples

A
  • rodents
  • adult birds
  • certain turtle species
84
Q

low survivorship early in life

A

type 3 populations

85
Q

type 3 populations examples

A
  • fishes
  • seeds
  • marine larvae

z - BIO104 - General Ecology (Lecture) (10 decks)

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