Community Ecology Flashcards
composed of interacting populations of different species
community
- place where a population or an individual of a given species lives
- has physical and chemical conditions
habitat
full range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species can live and reproduce
niche
relationship existing between individuals of two or more species
interspecific relationship
interspecific relationship may be broadly classified as
- symbiosis
- antagonism
- neutralism
relationship existing within a population species
intraspecific relationship
Relationship with interactions between different trophic levels
- predation
- competition
Symbiotic Relationship
- mutualism
- parasitism
- commensalism
- protocooperation
- in spite of two partners being involved in the association, only one species is benefited at the cost of another
- one species is harmed
antagonism
Antagonism can be further classified as
- antibiosis/amensalism
- parasitism
- predation
- competition
- living together
- refers to very close relationships
- gradient of interactions
symbiosis
gradient of interaction in symbiosis
parasitism - amensalism - commensalism - mutualism
Types of interrelations
- neutralism
- competition (direct interference type)
- competition (resource use type)
- amensalism
- parasitism
- predation
- commensalism
- protocooperation
- mutualism
neither population affects the other
neutralism
direct inhibition of each species by the other
competition (direct interference type)
indirect inhibition when common resource is in short supply
competition (resource use type)
population 1 inhibited, 2 not affected
ammensalism
population 1 the parasite generally smaller than the host
parasitism
populatio 1 the predator generally larger than prey
predation
population 1 the commensal benefits while the host is not affected
commensalism
interaction favorable to both but not obligatory
protocooperation
interaction favorable to both and obligatory
mutualism
two or more organism living together where one is harmed by the relationship without harming or benefiting the other
amensalism
Kinds of Parasites
- temporary or partial parasites
- permanent parasites
- external parasites
- endoparasites
- facultative parasites
organisms spend only a part of their life cycle as parasites
temporary or partial parasites
organisms spend its entire life cycle as a parasite
permanent parasites
generally found on the outer surface and derive their nutrients form the body of the host
external parasites or ectoparasites
found within the body of the host
endoparasites or internal parasites
- some parasites are parasitic only on a need basis
- they remain free at other times
facultative parasites
Parasite-Host Interactions
Gradient effect
associated with length of relationship
gradient effect
Three kinds of gradient effect
- small effect
- variable effect
- large effect
- reproduces in host
- requires low virulence
- infect reproductive system
small effect
- brief period
- virulence related to number of parasites in host
variable effect
- intermediate host
- alter intermediate host to gain access to definitive host
large effect
biological interaction where predator feeds on its prey, the organim that is attacked
predation
Types of predation
- cannibalism
- parasitism
- herbivory
simply predation on another individual of the same species
cannibalism
- one species benefits while the second is harmed
- feeds for an extended period of time
parasitism
- occurs when an animal uses a plant as food
- most cases, a single act does not kill plant
herbivory
Evolution of some truly amazing phenomena predation has driven
- crypsis
- aposematism
- mimicry
- other ways animals avoid being eaten
ability of an organism to conceal itself especially from a predator by having a color, pattern, and shape that allows it to blend into the surrounding environment
crypsis
use of warning coloration to inform potential predators that an animal is poisonous, venomous, or otherwise dangerous
aposematism
occurs when one species of animal (the mimic) resembles another species that has easily recognizable characteristics (the model) and as a result deceives a potential predator (the dupe) that might otherwise capture and eat it
mimicry
Predator objective
find and catch
Prey objective
hide and escape
prey defense
- hide
- run
- fight
predator foraging
- sit and wait
- trap
- pursue
class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is unaffected
commensalism
“sharing of food” in human social interaction
commensal
commensal is from the word what
Latin
cum mensa = sharing a table
form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival
protocooperation
obligatory interaction between organisms leading to favorable result
mutualism
