Terminology A9-A10 Flashcards
Heart Rate Reserve
The difference between the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate.
Heat
A form of energy. Referred as a “lost energy”
Hemacrotit
The ratio between the blood cells to blood volume
Hematuria
The discharge of blood into the urine tract
Hemo-concentration
Hemo-dilution
Hemo-dynamics
The concentraion of the blood
The dillution of the blood
The study of the physical laws governing blood flow
Hemogoblin (Hb)
A complex molecule found in red blood cells that consist of iron (heme) and protein (globin)
Hemolysis
The rupture of a cell, such as a red blood cell
Henry’s Law
The academically proven notion that a gas absorbed into a fluid under pressure will directly be related to the partial pressure of that gas.
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
A specific kind of cholesterol that is a “protective agent” against coronary heart disease
Horizontal Component
Work done parallel to the earth’s surface.
Hormone Receptor
A region of the membrane of a target cell that can react with only one hormone.
Hormone
A discrete chemical substance secreted into the body fluids by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on activities of the cells, tissues, and organs
Humidity
Relative
The amount of moisture in the air
The % of water vapor in the air
Hydraulic Pressure
The force per unit of area resulting in the vertical column of water to an elevated height
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Hypolarization
An overshoot of repolarization. Characterized of a cell’s membrane potential growth
Hyerpertension
Hypertensive Disease
High Blood Pressure
A adverse health status to high blood pressure, SBP over 145
Hyperthermia
Increased blood temperature
Hypertonic
Pertaining to a solution having a greater tension, or osmotic pressure, relative to another solution in a comparable setting.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a cell or organ
Hyperventilation
Excessive ventilation of the lungs caused by increased depth and frequency of breathing.
Hypervolemia
An increase in blood volume
Hypoglycemia
Lower than normal blood sugar level due to an inadequate supply or regulation
Hyptotension
Low blood pressure
Hypoxia
Lack of adequate oxygen due to a reduced oxygen partial pressure
I band
That area of a myofibril containing actin and bisected by a Z line
Inert
Having no action
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
The maximal volume of air inspired above resting expiatory level
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The maximal volume of air inspired above normal end-inspiration
Insulin
A hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas that speed up cellular uptake of glucose
Intercalated Discs
The junction between cardiac muscle cells that forms the mechanical and electrical connection between two adjacent cells.
Intermittent Work
Exercises performed with alternate periods of rest
Interneuron
A nerve cell stationed between the motor and sensory cells.
Intersittial Fluid
The fluid between the cells
Intramuscular Glycogen
Complex carbohydrate stored within muscle cells
Ion
Electrically charged particle
Iron
A mineral found in the heme groups of red blood cells and in the cytochromes of the mitochondrion
Ischemia
Local and temporary deficiency of blood, due to contraction
Isotoinc
Pertaining to the solutions having the same tension or osmotic pressue
Kilocalorie (kCal)
A unit of work or energy characterized as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of water 1 degree
Kilogram-Meters (kg-m)
A unit of work. One that measures the kilogram of a force moves a distance of one meter
Lactic Acid System
An anaerobic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when glucose is broken down to lactic acid.
Leads
A specific electrical view of the heart
Lean Body Mass
The body’s weight minus the weight of the body fat
Left Ventricle End- Diastolic Volume
The volume of blood in the ventricle (left) at the end of diastole
Load
A force exerted on the muscle
Low-Density Lipoprotein
A specific form of cholesterol that is found in the blood plasma and correlates with antherosclerosis
Lever
A rigid bar that serves a movement along a axis of rotation
Logarithmic Scale
A mathematical scale based on an exponent of power of 10
Mass
The quantity of a matter of an object in its inertia
Lactate Threshold
A particular intensity of workload or oxygen consumption that accelerates this threshold
Maximal MET Level
Maximum oxygen consumption measured in metabolic equivalent
Maximal Voluntary Contraction
The maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute
Mesomorphy
A body shape characterized by a square, rugged musculature figure
Metabolic Equivalent (METS)
For a given subject, the amount of oxygen required per minute under quiet resting conditions.
Metabolic System
A system of biochemical reactions that cause the formation of waste products and the manufacture of ATP
Metabolism
The sum or total of the chemical changes or reactions occurring in the body
Metabolite
The products of metabolic reactions
Millimole
One thousandth of a mole
Minerals
Essential constituents of all cells and of many functions in the body
Minute Ventilation
The amount of air inspired/expired within a given minute
Mitochondrium
A subcellular structure in which the reactions of the Kreb Cycle and electron transport system take place
Mole
The gram-molecular weight or gram-formula weight of a substance
Motor Neuron
A nerve cell, which when stimulated effects muscle contraction
Motor Endplate
The neuromuscular or myoneural junction
Motor Unit
An individual motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Muscular Endurance
The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light load for an extended period of time
Muscular Strength
The force or tension that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a resistance
Muscular Tonus
The resilience and resistance to a stretch in a relaxed, resting muscle
Myofibril
That part of a muscle cell containing the myosin and actin (protein filaments)
Myogoblic
A oxygen-binding pigment that effects the color of red muscle fiber
Negative Work
Force times distance in the same direction of a pull of gravity
Nerve Impulse
An electrical disturbance at the point of stimulation of a nerve, that is self-propagated along the entire length of the axon
Net Oxygen Cost
The amount of oxygen, above resting values, required to perform a given amount of work
Neuromuscular Junction
The union between a muscle and its nerve
Neurotransmitter
Chemical released from axon terminals
Neuron
A nerve cell consisting of a cell body (soma, neuron, cytoplasm, dendrites, and axon
Nonogram
A graph enabling you to find the value of a dependent variable when the two independent variables are unknown
Obesity
An excessive accumulation and storage of fatty tissue
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
The force per unit area required to stop the process of osmosis
Osteoporosis
A condition of the bones in which they become very thing and brittle due to loos of mineral content
Overload Principle
Progressively increasing the intensity of the workouts over the course of the training program as ones fitness improves
