Termination and translations

Question 0

RNA is the________between genes and proteins for which they code

Answer 0

Intermediate

Question 1

Transcription

Answer 1

The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

Produces mRNA-messenger RNA

Question 2

Translation

Answer 2

Is the synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under the direction of mRNA

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Are the sites of translation

Question 4

DNA template strand

Answer 4

A T and CG

Question 5

Transcription mRNA strand

Codon

Answer 5

UA and GC

Question 6

Translation proteins

amino acid Strand

Answer 6

Specific proteins

Question 7

Eukaryotic cells ________ RNA after transcription.

Answer 7

Modify

Question 8

Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before

Answer 8

The genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm

Some interior parts of the molecule are cut out and the other parts spliced together

Question 9

Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcript have long non-coding stretches of…

Answer 9

Nucleotides that lie between coding regions

Question 10

Intervening sequences or Intron’s

Answer 10

Non-coding regions

Question 11

Exons

Answer 11

Other region then intron

it’s called Exon because they are eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences

Question 12

RNA splicing

Answer 12

Removes Intron’s and joins exons creating an mRNA molecule with the continuous coding sequence

Question 13

Alternative RNA splicing

Answer 13

Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing

Question 14

Transfer RNA a.k.a. tRNA

Answer 14

A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of tRNA
Molecules of tRNA are not identical

Question 15

Each TRNA carriers A specific amino acid on one end and an ______ on the other end ;the anti-codon base-pairs with a complementary_______on mRNA

Answer 15

Anticodon

Codon

Question 16

Ribosomes facilitate specific coupling of _______ anti-codons with_______codons in protein synthesis

Answer 16

TRNA

mRNA

Question 17

To ribosomal subunits (large and small) are made of two things

Answer 17

Proteins and ribosomal RNA or a.k.a. RRNA

Question 18

A ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA

Answer 18

P site
A site
E site

Question 19

P site

Answer 19

Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

Question 20

A site

Answer 20

Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Question 21

E site

Answer 21

The exit site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

Question 22

The initiation stage of translation

Answer 22

Brings together mRNA, tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits

Question 23

steps in the initiation stage

Answer 23

A small ribosomal subunits bind with mRNA and the special initiator tRNA
Next the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon AUG

Question 24

During elongation stage

Answer 24

Amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid

Question 25

Termination occurs when

Answer 25

A Stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome The A site accepts the protein called a release factor the release factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid

Question 26

Often translation is not sufficient to make a

Answer 26

Functional protein

Question 27

Polypeptide chains are modified _____ translation

Answer 27

After

Question 28

Completed proteins are targeted to ______ sites in the cell

Answer 28

Specific

Question 29

During and after synthesis

Answer 29

A polypeptide chain spontaneously coils and folds into a three-dimensional shape

Question 30

Proteins may also require

Answer 30

post translational modifications before doing their job

Question 31

Two populations of ribosomes are evident in cells

Answer 31

Free ribosomes in The cytosol and | bound ribosomes attached to the ER

Question 32

Free ribosomes

Answer 32

Mostly synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol

Question 33

Mutations

Answer 33

Changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

Question 34

Point mutations

Answer 34

Are chemical changes in just one base pair

Question 35

The change of a single nucleotide in a DNA strand can lead to

Answer 35

The production of an abnormal protein

Question 36

Point mutations within a gene can be divided into two general categories

Answer 36

Base pair substitutions | Base pair insertions or deletions

Question 37

Base pair substitution

Answer 37

Replaces one nucleotide and it's partner with another pair of nucleotides

Question 38

Silent mutation

Answer 38

Have no affect on the Amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

Question 39

Missense mutations

Answer 39

Still code for an amino acid but not necessarily the right amino acid

Question 40

Nonsense mutation

Answer 40

Change an amino acid codon into a stop codon nearly always leading to a non-functional protein

Question 41

Types of substitutions

Answer 41

Missense and nonsense mutations

Question 42

Insertions and deletions

Answer 42

Are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene which is more damaging insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame producing a frameshift mutation

Question 43

Mutagens

Answer 43

Physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

Question 44

Spontaneous mutations can occur during

Answer 44

DNA replication or recombination or repair

Question 45

While gene expression differs among the domains of life the concept of a gene is...

Answer 45

Universal

Question 46

Archaea

Answer 46

Prokaryotes but share many features of gene expression with eukaryotes

Question 47

Bacteria and Eukarya differ in

Answer 47

Their Rna polymerases and termination of transcription and ribosomes Archaea tend to resemble you Eukarya in these respects

Question 48

The idea of the gene itself is a unifying concept of life

Answer 48

discrete unit of inheritance Region of specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide chain

Question 49

Gene can be defined as

Answer 49

A region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product which is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule