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Biology > 3 Organic molecules > Flashcards

3 Organic molecules Flashcards

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0
Q

Carbon based life forms:

A

proteins
DNA
carbohydrates etc..

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1
Q

Organic

A

carbon containing compounds

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2
Q

Carbon is also known as a

A

backbone

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3
Q

Carbon contains …

A 
6 electrons (2 in first electron shell, 4 in valence shell)
can hold 8
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4
Q

Carbons forms what type of bond?

A

covalent

and can form 4 single bonds (tetravalent)

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5
Q

single bonds

A

atoms can rotate around the bond

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6
Q

double bond

A

no rotation

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7
Q

C atoms bind to one another forming …

A

a chain or backbone

  • they vary in length
  • may be branched or unbranched
  • can have double bonds, which vary in location
  • some are in rings
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8
Q

tetrahedral shape

A

carbon single bonded to 4 other atoms

molecules can have more that one tetrahedral shape

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9
Q

double bond

A

hydrocarbon molecule has a flat shape (when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all atoms attached to those carbons are in the same plane; the molecule is flat)

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10
Q

hydrocarbons

A

oragnic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
non polar
they undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy

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11
Q

what do hydrocarbons do when oxidized?

A

releases energy

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12
Q

hydrocarbons are not prevalent in most living organisms, however…

A

many of a cell’s organic molecules have regions consisting of only hydrocarbons

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13
Q

biological hydrocarbons

A
  • entirely hydrocarbon

- some have other atoms and regions consisting of Carbon and hydrogen

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14
Q

functional groups of organic molecules

A

-components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions
-molecules can have more than one functional group
(hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate,methyl)

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15
Q

hydroxyl

A
  • polar due to electronegative oxygen
  • forms hydrogen bonds
  • compound name alcohol (specific name ends in -ol)
16
Q

carbonyl

A
  • terminal (on the end of a chain): aldehyde
  • non terminal (within the chain): ketone
  • in sugars
17
Q

carboxyl

A
  • acidic: can donate a proton

- polar

18
Q

amino

A
  • acts as a base
  • can pick up a H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living solutions)
  • amino acids also have a carboxylic group
19
Q

sulfhydryl

A
  • “cross link” proteins (2 -SH groups can react forming a cross-link)
  • polar
20
Q

phosphate

A

-confers negative charge to molecules
-reacts with water releasing energy
-ATP-adenosine triphosphate
consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

21
Q

methyl (non-reactive)

A

non-polar

important in gene expression

22
Q

isomers

A

same molecule formula but different arrangements of atoms
three types: structural
geometric or cis-trans
enantiomers

23
Q

structeral isomers

A

different covalent arrangement of their atoms

24
Q

geometric isomers AKA cis-trans

A
  • same covalent arrangements,different spatial arrangements
  • cis double bonds tend to put kinks in biological molecules
  • X: group of attached atoms, can be quite large
  • trans isomer: the two X’s are on opposite sides
  • cis-trans isomers differ in arrangement about a double bond
25
Q

enantiomers

A
  • mirror images of each other
  • many biological reactions are specific to on enantiomer
  • enantiomers of a drug may have different effects
  • EX phocomelia cause by one enantiomer
26
Q

macromolecules

A

polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars
-1000s of small molecules

27
Q

macromolecules are formed by

A

polymerization dehydration (condensation)

28
Q

dehydration

A

loss of a water molecule

29
Q

monomers are connected by a reaction in which…

A

two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule ; this is known as a dehydration reaction

30
Q

polymerization

A

when H2O combine to form a longer polymer from a short polymer and an unlinked monomer

31
Q

hydrolysis of polymers

A

addition of a water molecule breaks the bond
enzymes are called hydrolase
hydro-water lysis-decomposition or breakdown

32
Q

many polymers form a small set of monomers

A

5 monomers: ABCDE
21 dimers: AB, AC, AD….
Trimers: ABC, ABD
20 major amino acids

Biology (16 decks)

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