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large biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

carbohydrate polmer

A

It has a monosaccharides with a Glycosidic linkage

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1
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugar, polymers of sugars
CH2O of multiples
Carbon chain, hydroxyls,oxygen in a carbonyl group
storage compounds, structural components
originally from photosynthesis

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Carbonyl,hydroxyl,aldose, ketose triose pentoses hexoses

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3
Q

Carbonyl carbon

A

Number one carbon

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4
Q

Hydroxyl

A

Suffix “ose” ex. ribose glucose lactose etc. grouped based on
number of carbons in skeleton.
position of carbonyl
left or right enantiomers

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5
Q

aldose

A

Aldehyde sugar

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6
Q

Ketose

A

Ketone sugar

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7
Q

Trioses

A

Three carbon backbone (trimer)

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8
Q

Pentoses

A

Five carbon sugars

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9
Q

hexoses

A

Six carbon sugar’s

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10
Q

Monosaccharide facts

A

They are in equilibrium, tends form rings in solution
Alpha and beta glucose differ in position of hydroxyl group and number one carbon
Important because they have different properties
alpha OH is below one carbon
beta OH is above one carbon

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11
Q

Polymerization

A

Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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12
Q

Disaccharide polymerization

A

Named for the position of the carbons involved in the reaction
enzyme assisting the reaction

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13
Q

Biological roles polysaccharide

A

Structural component cells
plants:cellulose
arthropods ,fungi:chitin

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14
Q

Storage of Surplus (energy)

A

Plants:starch
animals :glycogen
require very little water

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15
Q

storage polysaccharides:

A

starch: only in glucose, plants stare starch
stored as granules in special organs Ex. roots
different forms: amylase unbranched 1-4 linkage
amylopectin (starch) branched with additional 1-6 linkages
Glycogen-a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched , 1 day supply in liver of vertebrae

16
Q

Structured polysaccharide, cellulose:

A

Major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
glucose monomers only (beta glucose)
1-4 glycosidic linkage
hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains because hydroxyl groups are free, strong molecule (cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall)

17
Q

Digesting cellulose

A

Some micro organisms can digest cellulose breaking it down into glucose monomers
humans don’t have one but other organisms do:bacteria, protists, in the guts of herbivores

18
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide of Arthropods (insects ,spiders, crustaceans and related animals) and fungi to build their exoskeletons
contains nitrogen

19
Q

Exoskeletons

A

Hard case that surround the soft parts of an animal

made up of Chitin embedded in a layer of protein

20
Q

Lipids

A 
Hydrophobic molecules:non polar mostly hydrocarbons 
membranes 
energy storage 
hormones, signaling 
three types: Fats-> triacylglycerol
                     phospholipids
                    steroids 
                    fatty acid-base
21
Q

Fatty acids

A

fat is constructed of glycerol and fatty acids
glycerol is an alcohol: each of its three carbons has a hydroxyl group
fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton
hydrocarbon chain
carboxyl, methyl

22
Q

fatty acids vary by

A 
length of hydrocarbon chain
presence of double bonds 
saturated-no double bonds
unsaturated- +1 double bonds 
position of double bonds-location of first double bond from methyl end
cis or trans isomers
23
Q

lipids

A

backbone for triacylglycerols

24
Q

triacylglycerols

A

three fatty acids linked to on glycerol by ester linkages (hydroxyl/carbonyl)

25
Q

plants and fish oil’s

A

mostly unsaturated fatty acid’s, oil
liquid at room temperature
Cis
has a kink in the structure

26
Q

animals

A 
mostly saturated (butter) 
solid at room temp
some exception are coconut oil and duck fat
27
Q

trans fats

A

hydrogenation of vegetable oils solidifies them at room temperature
produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds-trans fats - phospholipids

28
Q

dietary sources of lipids

A

plant and fish oil
animals
trans fat

29
Q

phospholipids

A

two fatty acids, and a phosphate group (charged) attached to a glycerol
small molecules can be attached to the phosphate groups
self assemble into a bilayer in water
hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior

30
Q

steroids

A

carbon skeleton with four rings
ex. cholesterol (type of steroid, crucial molecule in animals)
synthesized in the liver
cell membranes
precursor to other steroids such as sex hormones

Biology (16 decks)

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