Fermentation Flashcards

0
Q

fermentation starts at the …

A

end in the cytoplasm

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1
Q

aerobic respiration and fermentation both start in…

A

the cytoplasm with glycolysis and yields 2 ATP

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2
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration (using sulfate or metal ions)
cannot survive in the presence of O2

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3
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

used either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation

yeast and many bacteria

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4
Q

pyruvate in facultative anaerobiasis

A

substrate for two alternative catabolic pathways in facultative anaerobes

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5
Q

natural alcohol fermentation by yeasts in fruits

A

breaks in the skin of grapes and fruit allows entry of microbes
once O is consume, yeast switches to fermentation

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6
Q

anaerobic prokaryotes evolved before

A

…O revolution

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7
Q

first prokaryotes

A

ATP exclusively from glycolysis and fermentation
enzymes in cytoplasm
later-advantage for prokaryotes that could Oxygen-aerobic metabolism

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8
Q

photosynthesis

A

solar energy->chemical energy

planets, algae, certain other protists and some prokaryotes

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9
Q

autotrophs

A

-producers of the biosphere
CO2 + inorganic molecules -> organic molecules
-self feeders, they sustain themselves without eating anything from other living beings

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10
Q

what is the energy source in photoautotrophs?

A

sunlight

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11
Q

heterotrophs

A

organic material from other organisms

consumers of the biosphere, they live on compounds produced by other organisms

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12
Q

sunlight

A

electromagnetic energy/radiation

rhythmic waves/ discrete particles, photons

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13
Q

visible light

A

wavelength that we can see

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14
Q

wavelength

A

distance between crests of waves (characterized the type of electromagnetic energy)

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15
Q

pigments

A

absorb certain wavelengths of visible light

-absorbed wavelengths disappear

16
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

entire range of radiation

17
Q

chlorophyll a

A

the key light capturing pigment which participates directly in the light reactions

18
Q

chlorophyll b

A

works in conjunction with chlorophyll a

19
Q

carotenoids

A

hydrocarbons that are carious shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light

20
Q

chlorophyll reflects and transmits light

A

leaves appear green

absorbs other wavelengths

21
Q

High transmittance=

A

high reflection/ low absorbance

22
Q

white light through a prism focus’s a certain wavelength through a solution, what happens to the light that is transmitted?

A

converted to an electrical current

23
Q

low transmittance=

A

low reflection/high absorbance

24
carotenoids
absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
25
chlorophyll b
broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis
26
phycoerythin
yellow and brown carotenoids | they are algal photosynthetic pigments
27
photo excitation of chlorophyll
absorption of a photon exits an electron of chlorophyll to a higher energy- unstable electron quickly drops back down to ground state if not captured,energy released as heat and fluorescent light
28
photosynthesis uses...
released energy
29
redox reaction
co2 is reduced and h2o is oxidized
30
What does sulfur bacteria use instead of water?
hydrogen