Fermentation Flashcards
fermentation starts at the …
end in the cytoplasm
aerobic respiration and fermentation both start in…
the cytoplasm with glycolysis and yields 2 ATP
obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration (using sulfate or metal ions)
cannot survive in the presence of O2
facultative anaerobes
used either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation
yeast and many bacteria
pyruvate in facultative anaerobiasis
substrate for two alternative catabolic pathways in facultative anaerobes
natural alcohol fermentation by yeasts in fruits
breaks in the skin of grapes and fruit allows entry of microbes
once O is consume, yeast switches to fermentation
anaerobic prokaryotes evolved before
…O revolution
first prokaryotes
ATP exclusively from glycolysis and fermentation
enzymes in cytoplasm
later-advantage for prokaryotes that could Oxygen-aerobic metabolism
photosynthesis
solar energy->chemical energy
planets, algae, certain other protists and some prokaryotes
autotrophs
-producers of the biosphere
CO2 + inorganic molecules -> organic molecules
-self feeders, they sustain themselves without eating anything from other living beings
what is the energy source in photoautotrophs?
sunlight
heterotrophs
organic material from other organisms
consumers of the biosphere, they live on compounds produced by other organisms
sunlight
electromagnetic energy/radiation
rhythmic waves/ discrete particles, photons
visible light
wavelength that we can see
wavelength
distance between crests of waves (characterized the type of electromagnetic energy)
pigments
absorb certain wavelengths of visible light
-absorbed wavelengths disappear
electromagnetic spectrum
entire range of radiation
chlorophyll a
the key light capturing pigment which participates directly in the light reactions
chlorophyll b
works in conjunction with chlorophyll a
carotenoids
hydrocarbons that are carious shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light
chlorophyll reflects and transmits light
leaves appear green
absorbs other wavelengths
High transmittance=
high reflection/ low absorbance
white light through a prism focus’s a certain wavelength through a solution, what happens to the light that is transmitted?
converted to an electrical current
low transmittance=
low reflection/high absorbance
carotenoids
absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
chlorophyll b
broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis
phycoerythin
yellow and brown carotenoids
they are algal photosynthetic pigments
photo excitation of chlorophyll
absorption of a photon exits an electron of chlorophyll to a higher energy- unstable
electron quickly drops back down to ground state
if not captured,energy released as heat and fluorescent light
photosynthesis uses…
released energy
redox reaction
co2 is reduced and h2o is oxidized
What does sulfur bacteria use instead of water?
hydrogen
