Termen H9 Flashcards
anterograde amnesia
Loss, due to injury to the brain, in ability to form new long-term memories for events that occur after the injury.
association
Concerning the mind, a link between two memories or mental concepts, such that recall of one tends to promote recall of the other.
association by contiguity
Aristotle’s principle that if two environmental events (stimuli) occur at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those events will be linked together in the mind.
association by similarity
Aristotle’s principle that objects, events, or ideas that are similar to one another become linked (associated) in the person’s mind (structure of memory), such that the thought of one tends to elicit the thought of the other.
attention
The process that controls the flow of information from the sensory store into working memory. More broadly, any focusing of mental activity along a specific track, whether the track consists purely of inner memories and knowledge or is based on external stimuli.
automatic processes
Cognitive processes that require no mental effort (or mental space) for their execution and are hypothesized (1) to occur without intention and without conscious awareness, (2) not to interfere with the execution of other processes, (3) not to improve with practive, and (4) not to be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, or education.
central executive
In Baddeley’s theory, a component f the mind responsible for coordinating all the activities of working memory and for bringin new information into working memory.
chunking
A strategy for improving the ability to remember a set of items by grouping them mentally to form fewer items.
consciousness
In perception, the experiencing of percepts or other mental events in such a manner that one can report on them to others.
consolidation
The process by which a new memory becomes solidified in the brain, such that it is not easily forgotten.
control processes
The mental processes that operate on information in the memory stores and move information from one store to another.
dual-processing theories
Cognitive theories that propose that people have two general ways of processing information. Typically such theories propose that one form of thinking is on the automatic end of the information-processing continuum, with processing being fast, automatic, and unconscious, andthe second way of thinking is placed on the effortful side of this continuum, with processing being slow, effortful, and conscious.
echoic memory
Sensory memory for the sense of hearing.
effortful processes
Cognitive processes that consume some of the information-processing system’s limited capacity and are hypothesized to (1) be available to conscious awareness, (2) interfere with the execution of other processes, (3) improve with practice, and (4) be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, or education.
elaboration
The process of thinking about an item of information in such a way as to tie the item mentally to other information in memory, which helps to encode the item into long-term memory; also called elaborative rehearsal.
encoding
The mental process by which long-term memories are formed.
encoding rehearsal
Any active mental process by which a person strives to encode information into long-term memory.
episodic memory
Explicit memory of past events (episodes) of one’s own life.