Termen H9 Flashcards

1
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Loss, due to injury to the brain, in ability to form new long-term memories for events that occur after the injury.

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2
Q

association

A

Concerning the mind, a link between two memories or mental concepts, such that recall of one tends to promote recall of the other.

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3
Q

association by contiguity

A

Aristotle’s principle that if two environmental events (stimuli) occur at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those events will be linked together in the mind.

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4
Q

association by similarity

A

Aristotle’s principle that objects, events, or ideas that are similar to one another become linked (associated) in the person’s mind (structure of memory), such that the thought of one tends to elicit the thought of the other.

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5
Q

attention

A

The process that controls the flow of information from the sensory store into working memory. More broadly, any focusing of mental activity along a specific track, whether the track consists purely of inner memories and knowledge or is based on external stimuli.

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6
Q

automatic processes

A

Cognitive processes that require no mental effort (or mental space) for their execution and are hypothesized (1) to occur without intention and without conscious awareness, (2) not to interfere with the execution of other processes, (3) not to improve with practive, and (4) not to be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, or education.

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7
Q

central executive

A

In Baddeley’s theory, a component f the mind responsible for coordinating all the activities of working memory and for bringin new information into working memory.

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8
Q

chunking

A

A strategy for improving the ability to remember a set of items by grouping them mentally to form fewer items.

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9
Q

consciousness

A

In perception, the experiencing of percepts or other mental events in such a manner that one can report on them to others.

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10
Q

consolidation

A

The process by which a new memory becomes solidified in the brain, such that it is not easily forgotten.

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11
Q

control processes

A

The mental processes that operate on information in the memory stores and move information from one store to another.

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12
Q

dual-processing theories

A

Cognitive theories that propose that people have two general ways of processing information. Typically such theories propose that one form of thinking is on the automatic end of the information-processing continuum, with processing being fast, automatic, and unconscious, andthe second way of thinking is placed on the effortful side of this continuum, with processing being slow, effortful, and conscious.

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13
Q

echoic memory

A

Sensory memory for the sense of hearing.

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14
Q

effortful processes

A

Cognitive processes that consume some of the information-processing system’s limited capacity and are hypothesized to (1) be available to conscious awareness, (2) interfere with the execution of other processes, (3) improve with practice, and (4) be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, or education.

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15
Q

elaboration

A

The process of thinking about an item of information in such a way as to tie the item mentally to other information in memory, which helps to encode the item into long-term memory; also called elaborative rehearsal.

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16
Q

encoding

A

The mental process by which long-term memories are formed.

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17
Q

encoding rehearsal

A

Any active mental process by which a person strives to encode information into long-term memory.

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18
Q

episodic memory

A

Explicit memory of past events (episodes) of one’s own life.

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19
Q

executive functions

A

The processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do with information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory.

20
Q

explicit memory

A

The class of memory that can be consciously recalled and used to answer explicit questions about what one knows or remembers.

21
Q

iconic memory

A

Sensory memory for the sense of vision.

22
Q

implicit memory

A

Memory that influences one’s behaviour or thought but does not itself enter consciousness.

23
Q

infantile amnesia

A

The inability to remember events from infancy and early childhood.

24
Q

long-term memory

A

Information that is retained in the mind for long periods (often throughout life).

25
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

Any active mental process by which a person strives to hold information in short-term memory for a period of time.

26
Q

memory

A
  1. The mind’s ability to retain information over time.

2. Information retained in the mind over time.

27
Q

memory stores

A

In cognitive psychology, hypothetical constructs that are conceived of as places where information is held in the mind.

28
Q

phonological loop

A

In Baddeley’s theory, a component of working memory responsible for holding verbal information.

29
Q

preattentive processing

A

The analysis, at an unconscious level, in which the mind determines which stimuli are woth passing into working memory.

30
Q

priming

A

The implicit memory process by which a stimulus (the priming stimulus) activates (makes more retrievable) one or more memories that already exist in a person’s mind.

31
Q

procedural memory

A

The class of implicit memory that enables a person to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses.

32
Q

prospective memory

A

Remembering to do something in the future.

33
Q

retrieval

A

The mental processes by which long-term memories are brought into working memory, where they become part of the flow of thought.

34
Q

retrieval cue

A

A word, phrase, or other stimulus that helps one retrieve a specific item of information from long-term memory.

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

Loss, due to injury to the brain, of long-term memories that had been formed before the injury.

36
Q

schema

A

The mental representation of a concept; the information stored in long-term memory that allows a person to identify a group of different events or items as members of the same category.

37
Q

script

A

A variety of schema that represents in memory the temporal organisation of a category of event (such as the sequence of occurences at a typical birthday party).

38
Q

semantic memory

A

One’s storehouse of explicit general knowledge, that is, of knowledge that can be expressed in words and is not mentally tied to specific experiences in one’s own life. Semantic memory includes, but is not limited to, one’s knowledge of word meanings.

39
Q

sensory memory

A

The memory trace that preserves the original information in a sensory stimulus for a brief period (less than one second for sights and up to three seconds for sounds) following the termination of the stimulus; it is experienced as if one is still sensing the original stimulus.

40
Q

short-term memory span

A

The number of pronounceable items of information (such as single, randomly chosen digits) that a person can retain in short-term (working) memory at any given time.

41
Q

short-term store

A

Memory store that can hold a limited amount of information for a matter of seconds. Cognitive operations are executed in the short-term store and information can be maintained indefinitely in the short-term store through operations such as rehearsal.

42
Q

Stroop interference effect

A

Named after J. Ridley Stroop, the effect by which a printed colour word interferes with a person’s ability to name the colour of ink in which the word is printed if the ink colour is not the same as the colour named by the word.

43
Q

temporal-lobe amnesia

A

The loss in memory abilities that occurs as a result of damage to structures in the limbic system that lie under the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

44
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

In Baddeley’s theory, a component of working memory responsible for holding visual and spatial information.

45
Q

working memory

A

The memory store that is considered to be the main workplace of the mind. Among other things, it is the seat of conscious thought and reasoning.