Termen H3

Question 1

descriptive research

Answer 1

research whose purpose is to come up with accurate descriptions of social phenomena

Question 2

explanatory research

Answer 2

research whose purpose is to rigorously test hypotheses

Question 3

exploratory research

Answer 3

research whose purpose is to discover new phenomena and to construct new theories

Question 4

measurement quality

Answer 4

depends on the validity and the reliability of the measures

Question 5

measurement validity

Answer 5

the degree to which measures reflect the theoretical concept that they are intended to measure

Question 6

measure (indicator/proxy)

Answer 6

variable used in empirical research

Question 7

operationalization

Answer 7

translation of theoretical variables (concepts) into empirical variables (measures)

Question 8

simple concept

Answer 8

theoretical concept that can be easily measured with empirical variables

Question 9

complex concept

Answer 9

theoretical concept that consists of different dimensions

Question 10

dimension

Answer 10

an aspect of theory variables

Question 11

conceptualization

Answer 11

the differentiation of various dimensions of theoretical variables (relevant for complex concepts)

Question 12

measurement reliability

Answer 12

the degree to which the measurement instrument gives the same result when repeating the observation of the same phenomenon

Question 13

standardization

Answer 13

process of making identical procedures, questions, answer categories and other aspects of the measurement instrument

Question 14

external validity

Answer 14

the validity of inferences about whether the results of the study are generalizable beyond a specific study

Question 15

population

Answer 15

the entire set of cases about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions

Question 16

biased sample

Answer 16

sample for which observations in the study cannot be generalized to the population

Question 17

sample

Answer 17

a small set of cases a researcher selects from the population

Question 18

representative sample

Answer 18

sample for which observations in the study can be generalized to the population

Question 19

probability sample

Answer 19

sample drawn by giving individuals in the population equal chance to participate in the study

Question 20

stratified sample

Answer 20

sample based on dividing the population into sub-populations (strata)

Question 21

internal validity

Answer 21

the validity of inferences about whether an observed association between X and Y reflects a causal relationship from X to Y

Question 22

induction

Answer 22

inferences that are made from observations of only a limited number of cases to a more general, universal pattern

Question 23

case-study research

Answer 23

research that is an in-depth examination of an extensive amount of information about very few cases

Question 24

thick description

Answer 24

detailed description of persons, their behaviors, motivations, social processes and personal relationships within a well-defined case

Question 25

administrative research

Answer 25

research in which the researcher uses data on human populations that are provided by official institutions such as governments, schools or hospitals

Question 26

survey research

Answer 26

research in which the researcher uses questionnaires to collect data from respondents

Question 27

big data research

Answer 27

research in which the researcher uses (unstructured) data from the internet, digital communications and digital traces

Question 28

experimental research

Answer 28

research in which the researcher manipulates conditions for some participants but not others, and then compares group responses to see whether doing so made a difference

Question 29

observational research

Answer 29

research in which the researcher relies on non-experimental observations

Question 30

WEIRD people

Answer 30

typical participants in laboratory experiments in social sciences: Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (non-representative of larger population)

Question 31

replication

Answer 31

redoing studies on the same topic, theory or hypothesis using different data, methods or measures