Termen H3 Flashcards
descriptive research
research whose purpose is to come up with accurate descriptions of social phenomena
explanatory research
research whose purpose is to rigorously test hypotheses
exploratory research
research whose purpose is to discover new phenomena and to construct new theories
measurement quality
depends on the validity and the reliability of the measures
measurement validity
the degree to which measures reflect the theoretical concept that they are intended to measure
measure (indicator/proxy)
variable used in empirical research
operationalization
translation of theoretical variables (concepts) into empirical variables (measures)
simple concept
theoretical concept that can be easily measured with empirical variables
complex concept
theoretical concept that consists of different dimensions
dimension
an aspect of theory variables
conceptualization
the differentiation of various dimensions of theoretical variables (relevant for complex concepts)
measurement reliability
the degree to which the measurement instrument gives the same result when repeating the observation of the same phenomenon
standardization
process of making identical procedures, questions, answer categories and other aspects of the measurement instrument
external validity
the validity of inferences about whether the results of the study are generalizable beyond a specific study
population
the entire set of cases about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions
biased sample
sample for which observations in the study cannot be generalized to the population
sample
a small set of cases a researcher selects from the population
representative sample
sample for which observations in the study can be generalized to the population
probability sample
sample drawn by giving individuals in the population equal chance to participate in the study
stratified sample
sample based on dividing the population into sub-populations (strata)
internal validity
the validity of inferences about whether an observed association between X and Y reflects a causal relationship from X to Y
induction
inferences that are made from observations of only a limited number of cases to a more general, universal pattern
case-study research
research that is an in-depth examination of an extensive amount of information about very few cases
thick description
detailed description of persons, their behaviors, motivations, social processes and personal relationships within a well-defined case
administrative research
research in which the researcher uses data on human populations that are provided by official institutions such as governments, schools or hospitals
survey research
research in which the researcher uses questionnaires to collect data from respondents
big data research
research in which the researcher uses (unstructured) data from the internet, digital communications and digital traces
experimental research
research in which the researcher manipulates conditions for some participants but not others, and then compares group responses to see whether doing so made a difference
observational research
research in which the researcher relies on non-experimental observations
WEIRD people
typical participants in laboratory experiments in social sciences: Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (non-representative of larger population)
replication
redoing studies on the same topic, theory or hypothesis using different data, methods or measures
