Term 3 Reproduction Flashcards
Asexual reproduction
Making more copies of the original organism, they are identical clones
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction including two individuals, creates variation in offspring
Parents reproductive cells are called GAMETES that join together to form offspring - the egg and the sperm
Mitosis
Cell division for growth and repair
5 stages in mitosis
Chromosomes double and stay joined
Cells split into two identical diploid cells
Diploid cells also called daughter cells
Splitting of the cells is calls cytokinesis or cell cleavage
Meiosis
Cell division for producing gametes, occurs in the testis and ovaries and makes cells with half the original chromosomes
Binary fusion
The way that bacteria reproduce, very similar to mitotis
Budding
The way that single felled called fungi like yeast reproduce
Tubers
An underground nutrient storage that some plants use
Corms
Like tubers except grows exactly next to the parent plant system
Germination
The name of the process when seeds start to grow
The chemical that acts as messengers in the living things
Hormones
Runners
Some plants are able to send out a shoot that touches the ground and grows its own roots.
Parthenogenesis
Some organisms can lay eggs that will hatch into identical copies of the parent organism
Seedling
When the first leaves and the stem appears above the soil, this is called seeding
Mature plant
The seeding will continue to grow into a full mature plant with leaves,roots and stems
Flowering
The mature plant will grow flowers. Through pollination, the flowers will produce seeds
Stamen
Is the male part of the plant
Carpel
The female part of the plant
Pollination
When the pollen grain gets to the stigma of the flower.
Bladder
Contains urine, not involved in sexual reproduction
Penis
Becomes erect during arousal enabling it to enter the vagina
Vas deferens
The tube the sperm moves through to get to the urethra
Prostate gland
Responsible for making some of the components of semen
Testis
Produce males gemetes, sperm through meiosis
Scrotum
Houses testis, keeps the temperature right for making sperm
Seminal vesicle
Makes some of the fluids in semen
receives penis during sexual intercouse
Vagina
Ovary
Female egg
What is cytokinesis?
The final stage of splitting cells into two in mitosis
Also called cell cleavage
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Saves energy - no mate needed
Much faster because can do when conditions are good
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
No variation in offspring so all could get disease
Limited ability to adapt to environmental changes
Advantages of sexual reproduction
Genetic variation in offspring eg different children
Species can adapt to environmental changes
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Uses more energy for idniduuals
Risk of sexually transmitted disease
What is it called when gametes (egg and sperm) join together ?
FUSE to form a ZYGOTE
What is a zygote
The first cell produced by ferilisation- when the gametes (egg and sperm) fuse
5 life cycles stages of a plant
Seed Young plant Mature plant Flower Fruit
3 things needed for a seed to germinate
Oxygen
Water
Correct temperature
What is it called when a seed grows and turns into a seedling ?
Germination - first grows roots (radicle) and then leaves and stem (plumule)
What is the purpose of fruit on a plant ?
Fruit comes from the ovary of a flower
Purpose to attract an animal to eat the fruit and then help spread the seeds of the plant to other areas
What is the female part of a plant called
Carpel - made up of stigma style and ovary
What is the male part of a plant called
Stamen in two parts:
- anther which makes the pollen
- filament
What is pollenisation
When a pollen grains gets to the stigma of a flower
What is fertilisation in a plant ?
When the pollen tube has grown through the STYLE and reaches the OVULE - then it’s fuses with the OVUM
Name two types of pollination
Insect pollination
Wind pollination
Names feature of insect/animal pollination
Brightly coloured flowers Distinctive smell or scent Nectar Larger flowers Less pollen than wind pollination plants
Features of wind pollinated flowers
Tend to be green Anthers are exposed to catch the wind No nectar No scenes Large amounts pollen
Where does a fertilised egg implant itself ?
Into the thick bloody wall of the uterus
What is the placenta?
A network of blood vessels that form a disk in the uterus that let nutrients pass from the mother to the foetus
What is the fertilised egg called
A zygote
How long is a pregnancy for
9 months
How is a baby born
Muscular contractions start and the baby is pushed out through the cervix and vagina to be born
What is testosterone
The male hormone
What is estrogen
The female hormone
What are some signs of male puberty
Lower voice Hair on chest face legs etc Body gets more muscular Penis gets larger Testes start to produce sperm
Characteristics of female puberty
Breasts develop
Hair under arms and in public area
Hips get wider
Ovaries begin to release eggs and periods start (menstration)
