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PSYCH 130 > Temperament > Flashcards

Temperament Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

an emergent property that is made up of both temperament and the development of an individual character based on their experiences

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2
Q

What is Thomas and Chess’ definition of temperament?

A

the tendency to respond in characteristic and predictable ways to environmental events

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3
Q

What was the research design of Thomas and Chess’ study?

A

longitudinal study in which they conducted clinical interviews with mothers of 2 to 3 month old infants, then continued interviewing children into infancy to adulthood

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4
Q

What 9 dimensions did researchers assess in children in the Thomas & Chess study?

A
  1. activity level
  2. biological rhythmicity
  3. approach/withdrawal
  4. adaptability
  5. intensity of reaction
  6. quality of mood
  7. persistence/attention span
  8. distractability
  9. sensory threshold
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5
Q

What were the three temperament profiles in Thomas and Chess’ study?
(in order from most common to least common)

A
  1. flexible (easy)
  2. fearful (cautious)
  3. feisty (difficult)
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6
Q

What characteristics made up the flexible temperament profile?

A
  • regular rhythms
  • positive mood
  • adaptability
  • low intensity
  • low sensitivity
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7
Q

What characteristics made up the fearful temperament profile?

A
  • adapts slowly
  • withdraws
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8
Q

What characteristics made up the feisty profile?

A
  • active
  • intense
  • distractible
  • sensitive
  • irregular
  • moody
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9
Q

What was Kagan’s definition of temperament?

A

behavioral inhibition: a temperament that reflects one’s tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people, situations, or things

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10
Q

What characterizes inhibited temperament within 4 month olds?

A

upset at novel stimuli

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11
Q

What characterizes inhibited temperament within 1-2 year olds?

A

shy, fearful of unfamiliar situations, people, toys

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12
Q

What characterizes inhibited temperament within 4.5 year olds?

A

little talking or smiling with strangers

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13
Q

What characterizes uninhibited temperament within 4 month olds?

A

no negative reaction to novelty

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14
Q

What characterizes uninhibited temperament within 1-2 year olds?

A

little fear of new situations or people

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15
Q

What characterizes uninhibited temperament within 4.5 year olds?

A

spontaneous talking, smiling

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16
Q

What behavior did the unreactive infant exhibit at ten years old when in a room with the researcher?

A

made conversation, talking and laughing

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17
Q

What behavior did the reactive infant exhibit at ten years old when in a room with the researcher?

A

uncomfortable, short responses, antsy

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18
Q

What is heterotypic continuity?

A

same temperament presents itself differently as different traits throughout infancy, childhood, and adulthood

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19
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

responsible for emotional responses and autonomic responses to fear (i.e. fight or flight)

20
Q

How does the amygdala control inhibition?

A

fear response is prematurely triggered consistently over time

21
Q

True or False:
There is no sensitive period for amygdala development.

A

False
There is a sensitive period for the amygdala’s development before the age of 4.

22
Q

When is the most rapid rate of amygdala development?

A

early postnatal period

23
Q

The amygdala is more activated within uninhibited/inhibited individuals.

A

inhibited

24
Q

What is Fox’s definition of temperament?

A

the tendency to express particular emotions with a certain intensity that is unique to each individual

25
Q

What is emotion?

A

reflects a kind of motion outward

calls us to action

26
Q

What three characteristics describe emotion?

A
  • inferred
  • reactive
  • functional
27
Q

What is the importance of emotion?

A
  • essential for survival
  • help us navigate the world
  • rapid system
28
Q

True or False:
Emotions work faster than cognitive processes.

A

True

29
Q

What two components make up emotion processing?

A

reactivity and regulation

30
Q

What is reactivity?

A

individual differences in the emotional arousability of a child

how easily the child is moved to action

31
Q

What is regulation?

A

individual differences in managing these reactive emotional tendencies

32
Q

What are Rothbart’s 4 dimensions of temperament?

A
  • low reactivity/low regulation
  • low reactivity/high regulation
  • high reactivity/low regulation
  • high reactivity/high regulation
33
Q

What characterizes low reactivity/low regulation?

A
  • withdrawn
  • not excited by surroundings
  • don’t take any action
34
Q

What characterizes low reactivity/high regulation?

A
  • more fearful and controlled
  • not easily impressed
  • high level of regulation
35
Q

What characterizes high reactivity/low regulation?

A
  • risk of developing attention/hyperactivity problems
  • stimulation easily excites them
  • lack self-regulation toward adpative goals
36
Q

What characterizes high reactivity/high regulation?

A
  • optimal temperament
  • easily impressed by events in environment
  • self-regulate and use excitement toward goal-directed behavior
37
Q

The ____ is responsible for reactivity.
The ____ is responsible for regulation.

A

amygdala;
prefrontal cortex

38
Q

How do infants self- regulate before their prefrontal cortex is developed?

A
  • newborns: caregivers help infants self regulate by controlling exposure to stimulating events
  • 6 months: avert gaze and self-soothing
  • 1-2 years: turn attention to non-distressing objects or people to distract themselves
39
Q

True or False:
Self-regulation increases with age.

A

True

40
Q

How do the prefrontal cortex and amygdala work together?

A

the prefrontal cortex facilitates or attenuates the amygdala during emotional regulation

41
Q

It is easier to ____ negative emotions.

A

increase

42
Q

What is top-down regulation?

A

prefrontal cortex activates the amygdala to regulate emotions

i.e. decreasing negative emotions

43
Q

What is bottom-up regulation?

A

reflexive/autonomic processes are processed by the amygdala

i.e. increasing negative emotions

44
Q

True or False:
Temperament is an exclusively genetic phenomenon.

A

False
Temperament is an interaction of genes and the environment.

45
Q

What did the Rhesus monkeys experiment tell us about temperament?

A

prenatal environment affects temperament

PSYCH 130 (15 decks)

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