Family

Question 1

What are the three functions of families in child development?

Answer 1

1. survival of offspring
2. economci function
3. cultural training

Question 2

Family members have a ____ influence on each other.

Answer 2

reciprocal

Question 3

What is a family?

Answer 3

a complex (and constantly evolving) network of relationships, interactions, and patterns of influence that characterize a family

Question 4

True or False:
The family is the first social context a child encounters.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False:
Sibling birth order has no role in child development.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What are direct effects from family members?

Answer 6

instances where any pair of family members affects and is affected by each other’s behavior

Question 7

What are indirect effects from family members?

Answer 7

instances where the relationship between two individuals in a family is modified by the behavior or attitudes of a third family member

Question 8

What are two important dimensions of parenting style?

Answer 8

1. degree of parental warmth (support & acceptance)
2. degree of parental control and demandingness (level of expectations from child)

Question 9

What are the two dimensions of parental warmth?

Answer 9

• supportive
• unsupportive

Question 10

What characterizes supportive parents?

Answer 10

accepting and child-centered

Question 11

What characterizes unsupportive parents?

Answer 11

rejecting and parent-centered

Question 12

What are the two dimenisons of parental control?

Answer 12

• demanding
• undemanding

Question 13

What characterizes demanding parents?

Answer 13

parent expects much of child

Question 14

What characterizes undemanding parents?

Answer 14

parent expects little of child

Question 15

What is an authoritative parenting style?

Answer 15

• sets clear standards and are firm about enforcing them, but allow autonomy within those limits
• relationship is reciprocal, responsive, and high in bidirectional communication

Question 16

What are the child outcomes of authoritative parenting?

Answer 16

• competent, self-assured, popular
• able to control their own behavior
• low in antisocial behaviors in childhood
• hgih in social and academic competence and positive behavior
• low in problem behavior

Question 17

What is an authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 17

• nonresponsive to their children’s needs
• oriented toward obedience and authority
• enforces their demands through the exercise of parental power and the use of threats and punishment
• relationship is controlling, power-assertive, and high in unidirectional communication

Question 18

What are the child outcomes of authoritarian parenting?

Answer 18

• low in social and academic competence in childhood and adolescence
• as children, tend to become unhappy and unfriendly (more negative effect on boys)

Question 19

What is a permissive parenting style?

Answer 19

• responsive to their children’s needs but do not require that their children regulate themselves or act in appropriate or mature ways
• relationship is indulgent and low in control attempts

Question 20

What are the child outcomes of permissive parenting?

Answer 20

• impulsive, lacking in self-control, and low in school achievement
• engage in more school misconduct and drug use

Question 21

What is a disengaged or rejecting/neglecting parenting style?

Answer 21

• tend to be foucsed on their own needs rather than their children’s
• do not set limits for or monitor their children’s behavior
• relationship is rejecting or neglecting; uninvolved

Question 22

What are the child outcomes of disengaged parenting?

Answer 22

• infants: attachment problems
• children: poor peer relationships
• adolescents: antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, and low academic/social competence

Question 23

____ SES parents are more likely than ____ SES parents to use an authoritarian parenting style

Answer 23

low; high

Question 24

True or False:
Lower SES mothers are more likely to use a style that is accepting and democratic, and they use more language with children

Answer 24

False
Higher SES mothers

Question 25

True or False: The differences in parenting styles between SES is attributed to level of education.

Answer 25

False It is related to the kinds of jobs that people of high/low SES work

Question 26

How is authoritative parenting associated with high SES?

Answer 26

* jobs reward responsibility, self-direction, initiative, independence * parents value autonomy, responsibility, creativity

Question 27

How is authoritarian parenting associated with low SES?

Answer 27

* jobs reward compliance and rule-following * parents value obedience, self-control, getting along with others

Question 28

How does SES affect your values?

Answer 28

socioeconomic status ↓ values ↓ childrearing values ↓ parenting behavior

Question 29

How does authoritarian parenting affect children living in urban poverty?

Answer 29

encouragement of independence/self-reliance, aggressive play, and early withdrawal of emotional support

Question 30

True or False: Having authoritarian parents while also living with the negative outcomes of urban poverty worsens these negative outcomes

Answer 30

False Not necessarily; the child becomes adaptive to these values because it teaches them to survive first

Question 31

How does race/ethnicity play a role in parenting style?

Answer 31

* studies for ideal parenting are primarily influenced by W.E.I.R.D behaviors * particular parenting styles and practices may have different meanings and different effects in different cultures

Question 32

True or False: Representations of "warmth" are different in Asian cultures than in European cultures.

Answer 32

True not necessarily shown thru hugging, kissing, and praising

Question 33

True or False: Authoritarian parenting has a less negative effect on Chinese American children.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What is discipline?

Answer 34

training in order to act in accordance with rules

Question 35

What are the two positive outcomes of discipline?

Answer 35

1. process of internalization 2. positive synchrony

Question 36

What is the process of internalization?

Answer 36

1. understand the parent's expectations and standards 2. accept those standards and behave accordingly

Question 37

What is synchrony?

Answer 37

interactions that are harmonious, reciprocal, responsive, interconnected, engaged, and involve shared effect

Question 38

What is corporal punishment?

Answer 38

violent punishment (i.e. getting spanked)

Question 39

What was the only positive outcome associated with corporal punishment in childhood that was shown in Gershoff's study?

Answer 39

immediate compliance

Question 40

True or False: Marital conflict has no effect on child

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What are coercive cycles?

Answer 41

a kind of operant conditioning that negatively reinforces children to increase fighting against parents' expectations by taking away arguing * parent tells child what to do * child fights parent's expectations and refuses * parent gives up arguing * child knows to keep fighting in order to get away with behavior