Biological Processes in Development

Question 1

What question did Descartes study?

Answer 1

How are the body and spirit connected?

Question 2

Descarte believed that:
The body works like a ____ and that it has ____ properties.

Answer 2

machine; material

Question 3

Descartes believed that:
The spirit has ____ properties and does not follow the ____.

Answer 3

nonmaterial; laws of nature

Question 4

What is dualism?

Answer 4

interaction of theology and physics
* belief that psychological and biological processes are separate phenomena

Question 5

Where did Descartes believe the body and spirit communicated?

Answer 5

the pineal gland

Question 6

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 6

primarily associated with processing visual information

Question 7

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 7

involved in memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information

Question 8

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 8

governs spatial processing and integrates sensory input with information in memory

Question 9

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 9

organizes behavior and is responsible for planning

Question 10

In what shape does the cerebral cortex develop?

Answer 10

reverse C

Question 11

In what order does the cerebral cortex develop?

Answer 11

1. occipital lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. frontal lobe

Question 12

How does the development of the brain relate to evolution?

Answer 12

the brain develops from its least sophisticated functions to its most sophisticated functions

Question 13

What are the seven stages of neural development?

Answer 13

1. proliferation
2. migration
3. aggregation
4. differentiation
5. synaptogenesis
6. apoptosis
7. myelination

Question 14

What happens in the proliferation stage of neural development?

Answer 14

rapid production of new cells

Question 15

What happens in the migration stage of neural development?

Answer 15

following chemical paths to its final destination

Question 16

What happens in the aggregation stage of neural development?

Answer 16

adhering to similar cells

Question 17

What happens in the differentiation stage of neural development?

Answer 17

specialization of neurons

i.e. motor neuron, sensory neuron

Question 18

What happens in the synaptogenesis stage of neural development?

Answer 18

synapse formation and the development of axons and dendrites

Question 18

What happens in the apoptosis stage of neural development?

Answer 18

selective cell death and synapse elimination to get rid of extra cells and synapses

Question 19

What happens in the myelination stage of neural development?

Answer 19

myelin covers the neurons that we keep

Question 20

How can one differentiate between a younger brain and older brain?

Answer 20

• myelination – more white matter
• frontal lobe is more dense
• overall more dense brain

Question 21

True or False:
Synaptogenesis is accompanied by a period of overproduction.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What happens in synaptic pruning?

Answer 22

synapses that don’t fire are eliminated

Question 23

Why is synaptic pruning important?

Answer 23

it allows the brain to only make the connections that need to be made and gets rid of unnecessary connections

Question 24

What happens when there is too little synaptic pruning?

Answer 24

hyperconnectivity: when there are too many synapses and the individual becomes overstimulated

Question 25

What happens where there is too much synaptic pruning?

Answer 25

* loss of brain function * memory loss * blocks to communication

Question 26

True or False: In older brains, there is more myelination in the front than in the back.

Answer 26

False In older brains, there is more myelination in the back than the front.

Question 27

True or False: Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning occur in the visual cortex before the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Why is there a spike in synaptogenesis immediately after birth?

Answer 28

infants are exposed to much more visual stimuli after birth than when in the womb

Question 29

What does the delay of gratification task (the marshmallow test) tell us about child development?

Answer 29

children don't know how to inhibit their responses because their prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed

Question 30

We can/cannot consider genetic or environmental influences in isolation.

Answer 30

cannot

Question 31

Complete the formula: gene ____ environment

Answer 31

x

Question 32

True of False: A gene can express on its own without environmental input.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

True or False: An individual with two LL alleles have a high risk of depression if they have experienced severe abuse.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

True or False: Any individual with any 5-HTT genotype can have a high risk of depression if they experienced no childhood abuse.

Answer 34

False