Moral Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Is rough and tumble play considered aggression?

A

No, it is not aggressive

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2
Q

What are key differences between rough and tumble play and aggression?

A

rough and tumble play:
* children smile and laugh
* children are willing participants
* children keep returning for more
* stronger/older kids let opponent “win”
* contact is gentle
* children alternate roles
* no spectators
aggression:
* children grown, stare, cry, get red
* one child dominates another
* children separate after
* no self-handicapping
* contact is hard and harsh
* no changing roles
* draws a crowd

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3
Q

What kinds of benefits does rough and tumble play have?

A
  • physical development
  • social development
  • emotional regulation
  • cognitive development
  • bonding and relationships
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4
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

aggressive acts for which the perpetrator’s main goal is to harm or injure a victim

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5
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

aggressive acts for which the perpetrator’s major goal is to gain access to objects, space, or privileges

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6
Q

What is the developmental trajectory of aggression?

A

in middle childhood:
↓ instrumental aggression
↑ hostile aggression

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7
Q

What is physical aggression?

A

behaviors that cause bodily harm or injury to others

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8
Q

What are the effects of physical aggression?

A
  • physical injury
  • emotional trauma
  • social withdrawal
  • immediate visible harm; more easily identifiable
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9
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

behaviors aimed at damaging social relationships (i.e. spreading rumors, social exclusion, gossiping, manipulation)

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10
Q

What are the effects of relational aggression?

A

damaging to psychological and emotional wellbeing; not as easily identifiable

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11
Q

____ are seen as more physically aggressive, while ____ are seen as more relationally aggressive

A

males; females

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12
Q

True or False:
Physical aggression has more damaging impacts on psychological and emotional wellbeing within individuals.

A

False
Relational aggression is more psychologically damaging

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13
Q

What is the developmental trajectory of physical aggression?

A
  • younger children: more likely to use physical aggression as common expressions of frustration, anger, or lack of impulse control
  • middle childhood: decrease in physical aggression as children increase regulatory abilities
  • adolescents: resurgence of physical aggression due to puberty –> trying to establish dominance
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14
Q

What is the developmental trajectory of relational aggression?

A
  • younger children: more likely to use direct forms of relational aggression (i.e. you can’t come to my party)
  • older children: more likely to use more subtle methods of harm (i.e. spreading rumors)
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15
Q

True or False:
Aggression is a fairly stable trait and a predictor of adult aggressive behaviors

A

True

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16
Q

What is a proactive aggressor?

A
  • finds aggressive acts easy to perform
  • rely on aggression to achieve goals
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17
Q

What is a reactive aggressor?

A
  • hostile because they overattribute hostile intent to others
  • high impulsivty
18
Q

What is the hostile attribution bias?

A

Aggressive child holds expectation that others are hostile

Expectation results in biased scanning of social cues (confirmation bias)

Infers that accidents had hostile intentions

Retaliates against the other

Results in hostile counter attacks and consequent rejection of child

Expectation that others are hostile is confirmed

19
Q

True or False:
Coercive cycles within families can be influential to hostile behavior.

A

True

20
Q

A mom refuses to give her daughter cookies. The child whines and the mom eventually gives up fighting. The child gets the cookies she wants.

What kind of conditioning is this?

A

negative reinforcement

↓ fighting
↑ child’s aggression
child learns to be aggressive next time because her mom will stop fighting and give her what she wants

21
Q

What is Patterson’s model for the development of chronic antisocial behavior?

A

Early childhood:
poor parental discipline and monitoring + coercive household

Middle childhood:
conduct disorders + hostile attribution bias + lack of restraint = rejection by peers or academic failure + commitment to deviant group

Early adolescence:
delinquency

22
Q

What is altruism?

A

selfless concern for the welfare of others that is expressed through prosocial acts

23
Q

True or False:
Children only exhibit altruistic actions when adults are nearby.

A

True
Spontaneous acts are rare

24
Q

The origins of altruistic prosocial behavior are rooted in the capacity to feel ____ and ____.

A

empathy; sympathy

25
Q

What is empathy?

A

an emotional reaction to another’s emotional state or condition that is similar to that person’s state or condition

26
Q

What is sympathy?

A

the feeling of concern for another person in reaction to the other’s emotional state or condition; often an outcome of empathizing with another’s negative emotion or situation

27
Q

True or False:
Empathy promotes altruism.

A

True

28
Q

What is the developmental trajectory of altruistic prosocial behavior?

A
  • infants: respond to others’ distress, but may not differentiate between others’ emotional reactions and their own
  • age 2: children start to more clearly differentiate between another’s emotional distress and their own
  • preschool to adolescence: prosocial behaviors increase
29
Q

How does the caregiver influence the child’s altruism?

A
  • forces child to see relationship between his/her acts and consequences
  • role-taking ability
  • prosocial moral reasoning
30
Q

What was the moral dilemma question presented by Kohlberg?

A
  • Heinz’ wife is sick and there is only one drug that the doctors thought might save her
  • Druggist was charging 10x what the drug cost him to make
  • Heinz could only get $2000 for a $4000 drug
  • Should Heinz steal the drug?
31
Q

What were the three levels of moral judgment in Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Judgment?

A
  • preconventional
  • conventional
  • postconventional
32
Q

What is preconventional moral judgment?

A

moral reasoning is self-centered, focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishment

33
Q

What is conventional moral judgment?

A

moral reasoning is centered on social relationships

34
Q

What is postconventional moral judgment?

A

moral reasoning is involved with ideals, focusing moral principles

35
Q

How did children with preconventional morality answer the Heinz question?

A

“The man shouldn’t steal the drug because he may get caught and go to jail.”

Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought

36
Q

How did children with conventional morality answer the Heinz question?

A

“He shouldn’t steal the drug because everyone will see him as a thief, and his wife wouldn’t want to be cured because of thievery.”

Cares about how situational outcomes impact others and wants to please & be accepted

37
Q

True or False:
Most active members of society remain at postconventional morality.

A

False
Most active members of society remain at conventional morality

38
Q

How did children with postconventional morality answer the Heinz question?

A

“The man should steal the drug to cure his wife and then tell the authorities that he has done so. He may have to pay a penalty, but at least he has saved a human life.”

Moral behavior is based on self-chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal (i.e. justice, dignity, equality)

39
Q

True or False:
People go through Kohlberg’s stages of morality in the same order and attain the same final stage.

A

False
They differ in regard to the final stage they attain

40
Q

Levels of ____ determine one’s progressive through the stages of morality

A

social-cognitive development