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Geography a level > Tectonics EQ3 > Flashcards

Tectonics EQ3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 most globally significant events?

A

V- mount Pinatubo /philippines (1991)
V- Iceland 2010 volcano (2010)

T-japan 2011
T- indian ocean in Thailand (Boxing Day) 2004

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2
Q

what are the 3 disaster trends overtime?

name all 3) or (name and explain one

A
  • deaths have fallen over time because of better response management
  • number of reported disasters have increased because of better technology and development of countries
  • number of people affected by disasters have increased because population has increased and more people are living in risky areas
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3
Q

what are the tectonic disaster trends overtime?

A
  • no change in the number oh earthquake disasters
  • earthquake economic loss is increasing
  • economic loss from disasters is increasing
  • volcanic disasters are much less frequent
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4
Q

what happened in the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)?

A
  • erupted a ash and sulphur dioxide cloud
  • ash deposited in the indian ocean
  • satellite tracked the movement of ash
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5
Q

who was effected in the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)?

A

aeroplanes west of the philippines ($100 million damage )

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6
Q

what were the global impacts of the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)? (name one)

A
  • SO2 aerosol cloud
  • spread and circled around the world
  • global decrease in the temperature of about 0.6 degrees
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7
Q

what happened in the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?

A
  • erupted 110 million m3 of ash in one week

- prevailing winds extend

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8
Q

who was effected in the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?

A
  • distribution across main flight paths and airports
  • tourism distributed
  • workers
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9
Q

what were the global impacts of the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?

A
  • airlines lost $200 million
  • music bands couldn’t get to California
  • car parts didn’t reach european factories
  • sports teams having to travel by coach rather then aeroplane
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10
Q

what happened in the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?

A

tsunami around the pacific ocean with waves as high as 2m in Chile

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11
Q

who was effected in the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?

A
  • killed only one person
  • japan were largely effected
  • places around the pacific ocean
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12
Q

what were the global impacts of the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?

A
  • destroyed docks and boats
  • decline in Japans contribution to world inclusion
  • radioactive seawater
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13
Q

what happened in the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?

A

tsunami

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14
Q

who was affected in the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?

A

countries around the indian oceans e.g. india, Thailand

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15
Q

what were the global impacts of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?

A
  • deaths in Indonesia, Thailand, sri lanka and india

- ports destroyed - trade also destroyed

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16
Q

what are the three stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

pre-disaster
response
post-disaster

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17
Q

what is the hazard management cycle?

A

a prediction when possible of attempts to manage the impacts of natural disasters

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18
Q

what is part of the pre disaster stage of the hazard management cycle? name one

A

risk assessment
mitigation/prevention
preparedness

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19
Q

what is part of the response stage of the hazard management cycle? name one

A

warning/evacuation
saving people
providing immediate assistance
assessing damage

20
Q

what is part of the post-disaster stage of the hazard management cycle? name one

A

risk assessment/prevention
ongoing development activities
economic and social recovery
reconstruction

21
Q

what is Parks disaster response curve?

A

can be used to help plan and understand risk and resilience as well at to better prepare for future events

22
Q

what is the swish cheese model?

A

is disaster is thought to occur as a result of a series of coincidental events and processes

> reduce no.of holes = no. of systematic weakness
reduce size of the holes= scale of system weakness

23
Q

what are the three modifications you can use to modify a disaster?

A

modify the event
modify vulnerability
modify loss

24
Q

what are the 4 ways to modify a tectonic event?

A

land-se zoning
aseismic buildings
tsunami defences
lava diversions

25
Q

what is land use zoning?

A

preventing building on low lying coasts, close to volcanos and areas of high ground shaking risk

26
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of land use zoning…

A

advantage:

  • low cost
  • removes people from high risk areas

disadvantage:

  • prevents economic development on some high value land
  • requires strict and enforced planning rules
27
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of aseismic buildings…

A

advantage:

  • protects both people and property
  • widely used technology can prevent collapse

disadvantage:

  • high cost for tall/large structures
  • older buildings and low income homes are rarely protected
28
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of tsunami defences…

A

advantage:

  • dramatically reduced damage
  • provides a sense of security

disadvantage:

  • can be overtopped
  • very high cost
  • ugly and restrict use /development at coast
29
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of lava diversion…

A

advantages:

  • diverts the lava out of harms way
  • relatively low cost

disadvantages:
-only works for low basaltic lava

30
Q

what are aseismic buildings?

A

cross-bracing, conter weights and deep foundations to prevent earthquake damage

31
Q

what are tsunami defences?

A

sea walls and breakwaters which prevent waves travelling inland

32
Q

what are lava diversions?

A

channels, barriers and water cooling used to divert and slow down lava

33
Q

what are the three ways to modify vulnerability?

A

high tech scientific monitoring
community preparedness and education
adaption

34
Q

what are the three ways to modify loss?

A

short term emergence aid
long term aid
insurance

35
Q

can you predict earthquakes?

A

no

36
Q

why cant you predict earthquakes?

A

only areas at high risk can be identified

37
Q

can you predict volcanic eruptions?

A

yes

38
Q

why can you predict volcanic eruptions?

A
  • monitoring equipment on volcanoes can measure changes as magma chambers fill and eruption nears
  • titltmeters and strain meters record volcanoes bulging as magma rises
39
Q

can you predict a tsunami?

A

partly

40
Q

why can/cant you predict a tsunami?

A

no - if the tsunami is earthquake - induced
yes- seismometers can tell an earthquake has happened and locate it, then ocean monitoring equipment can detect tsunami in the open sea

41
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of high tech scientific monitoring…

A

advantages:

  • in most cases predicting is possible
  • warnings and evacuations save lives

disadvantages:

  • costly - not all developing countries can use it
  • does not prevent property damage
42
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of community awareness and education…

A

advantages:

  • low cost, often implemented by NGOs
  • can save lives through small actions

disadvantages:

  • does not prevent property damage
  • harder to implement in isolated rural areas
43
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of adaptation

A

advantages:
- would save both lives and property

disadvantages:

  • high population densities prevent it
  • disrupts people’s traditional homes and traditions
44
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of short term emergency aid…

A

advantage:
-reduces the death toll by saving lives and keeping people alive till long term help arrives

disadvantage:

  • high costs and technical difficulties in isolated areas
  • emergency services are limited and poorly equipped in developing countries
45
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of long term aid…

A

advantages:
- reconstruction can build in resilience through land-use planning and better construction methods

disadvantages:

  • very high cost
  • needs are quick forgotten by the media after initial disaster
46
Q

give an advantage and disadvantage of insurance…

A

advantages:
- allows people to recover economically, by paying for reconstruction

disadvantages:

  • does not save lives
  • few people in the developing world have insurance
  • can be expensive for some people

Geography a level (17 decks)

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