Tectonics EQ3 Flashcards
what are the 4 most globally significant events?
V- mount Pinatubo /philippines (1991)
V- Iceland 2010 volcano (2010)
T-japan 2011
T- indian ocean in Thailand (Boxing Day) 2004
what are the 3 disaster trends overtime?
name all 3) or (name and explain one
- deaths have fallen over time because of better response management
- number of reported disasters have increased because of better technology and development of countries
- number of people affected by disasters have increased because population has increased and more people are living in risky areas
what are the tectonic disaster trends overtime?
- no change in the number oh earthquake disasters
- earthquake economic loss is increasing
- economic loss from disasters is increasing
- volcanic disasters are much less frequent
what happened in the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)?
- erupted a ash and sulphur dioxide cloud
- ash deposited in the indian ocean
- satellite tracked the movement of ash
who was effected in the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)?
aeroplanes west of the philippines ($100 million damage )
what were the global impacts of the volcanic event of mount Pinatubo in (1991)? (name one)
- SO2 aerosol cloud
- spread and circled around the world
- global decrease in the temperature of about 0.6 degrees
what happened in the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?
- erupted 110 million m3 of ash in one week
- prevailing winds extend
who was effected in the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?
- distribution across main flight paths and airports
- tourism distributed
- workers
what were the global impacts of the volcanic event of the Iceland mountain in 2010?
- airlines lost $200 million
- music bands couldn’t get to California
- car parts didn’t reach european factories
- sports teams having to travel by coach rather then aeroplane
what happened in the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?
tsunami around the pacific ocean with waves as high as 2m in Chile
who was effected in the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?
- killed only one person
- japan were largely effected
- places around the pacific ocean
what were the global impacts of the 2011 tohoku Tsunami in Japan?
- destroyed docks and boats
- decline in Japans contribution to world inclusion
- radioactive seawater
what happened in the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?
tsunami
who was affected in the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?
countries around the indian oceans e.g. india, Thailand
what were the global impacts of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami?
- deaths in Indonesia, Thailand, sri lanka and india
- ports destroyed - trade also destroyed
what are the three stages of the hazard management cycle?
pre-disaster
response
post-disaster
what is the hazard management cycle?
a prediction when possible of attempts to manage the impacts of natural disasters
what is part of the pre disaster stage of the hazard management cycle? name one
risk assessment
mitigation/prevention
preparedness
what is part of the response stage of the hazard management cycle? name one
warning/evacuation
saving people
providing immediate assistance
assessing damage
what is part of the post-disaster stage of the hazard management cycle? name one
risk assessment/prevention
ongoing development activities
economic and social recovery
reconstruction
what is Parks disaster response curve?
can be used to help plan and understand risk and resilience as well at to better prepare for future events
what is the swish cheese model?
is disaster is thought to occur as a result of a series of coincidental events and processes
> reduce no.of holes = no. of systematic weakness
reduce size of the holes= scale of system weakness
what are the three modifications you can use to modify a disaster?
modify the event
modify vulnerability
modify loss
what are the 4 ways to modify a tectonic event?
land-se zoning
aseismic buildings
tsunami defences
lava diversions
what is land use zoning?
preventing building on low lying coasts, close to volcanos and areas of high ground shaking risk
give one advantage and one disadvantage of land use zoning…
advantage:
- low cost
- removes people from high risk areas
disadvantage:
- prevents economic development on some high value land
- requires strict and enforced planning rules
give one advantage and one disadvantage of aseismic buildings…
advantage:
- protects both people and property
- widely used technology can prevent collapse
disadvantage:
- high cost for tall/large structures
- older buildings and low income homes are rarely protected
give one advantage and one disadvantage of tsunami defences…
advantage:
- dramatically reduced damage
- provides a sense of security
disadvantage:
- can be overtopped
- very high cost
- ugly and restrict use /development at coast
give one advantage and one disadvantage of lava diversion…
advantages:
- diverts the lava out of harms way
- relatively low cost
disadvantages:
-only works for low basaltic lava
what are aseismic buildings?
cross-bracing, conter weights and deep foundations to prevent earthquake damage
what are tsunami defences?
sea walls and breakwaters which prevent waves travelling inland
what are lava diversions?
channels, barriers and water cooling used to divert and slow down lava
what are the three ways to modify vulnerability?
high tech scientific monitoring
community preparedness and education
adaption
what are the three ways to modify loss?
short term emergence aid
long term aid
insurance
can you predict earthquakes?
no
why cant you predict earthquakes?
only areas at high risk can be identified
can you predict volcanic eruptions?
yes
why can you predict volcanic eruptions?
- monitoring equipment on volcanoes can measure changes as magma chambers fill and eruption nears
- titltmeters and strain meters record volcanoes bulging as magma rises
can you predict a tsunami?
partly
why can/cant you predict a tsunami?
no - if the tsunami is earthquake - induced
yes- seismometers can tell an earthquake has happened and locate it, then ocean monitoring equipment can detect tsunami in the open sea
give an advantage and disadvantage of high tech scientific monitoring…
advantages:
- in most cases predicting is possible
- warnings and evacuations save lives
disadvantages:
- costly - not all developing countries can use it
- does not prevent property damage
give an advantage and disadvantage of community awareness and education…
advantages:
- low cost, often implemented by NGOs
- can save lives through small actions
disadvantages:
- does not prevent property damage
- harder to implement in isolated rural areas
give an advantage and disadvantage of adaptation
advantages:
- would save both lives and property
disadvantages:
- high population densities prevent it
- disrupts people’s traditional homes and traditions
give an advantage and disadvantage of short term emergency aid…
advantage:
-reduces the death toll by saving lives and keeping people alive till long term help arrives
disadvantage:
- high costs and technical difficulties in isolated areas
- emergency services are limited and poorly equipped in developing countries
give an advantage and disadvantage of long term aid…
advantages:
- reconstruction can build in resilience through land-use planning and better construction methods
disadvantages:
- very high cost
- needs are quick forgotten by the media after initial disaster
give an advantage and disadvantage of insurance…
advantages:
- allows people to recover economically, by paying for reconstruction
disadvantages:
- does not save lives
- few people in the developing world have insurance
- can be expensive for some people
