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Geography a level > Coasts EQ1 > Flashcards

Coasts EQ1 Flashcards

why are coastal landscapes different and what processes cause these differences?

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1
Q

define strata

A

layers of rock

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2
Q

define bedding planes

A

natural breaks in the strata caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation

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3
Q

define joints

A

fractures caused by either contraction as sediment dries out or by the earth movements during uplift

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4
Q

define folds

A

formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle and crumple

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5
Q

define faults

A

formed when the stress or pressure to which a rock is subjected exceeds its internal strength

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6
Q

define a dip

A

angle at which rock strata lie

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7
Q

define relief

A

height and slope of land

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8
Q

what is the littoral zone?

A

a zone which constantly changes due to dynamic interactions in the sea

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9
Q

name a short term factor of the littoral zone

A

daily tides, seasonal storms, waves

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10
Q

name a long term factor of the littoral zone

A

changes to sea level, climate change

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11
Q

what is the general distribution of the geology in the Uk?

A
  • Left of the Tes-Ex line is mostly hard rock (metamorphic and igneous) = scotland/north of the UK
  • Right of the Tes-Ex line is soft rock (sedimentary)= South East of the UK
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12
Q

what is a natural process which changes the littoral zone?

A

long-shore drift, erosion, types of wave, natural hazard, transportation/deposition, tidal ranges

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13
Q

what is a human process which changes the littoral zone?

A

coastal defences, hard/soft engineering, dredging

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14
Q

what is a sediment cell?

A

lengths of coast where processes are closely linked

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15
Q

how many sediment cells are there in england?

A

11

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16
Q

what are the three parts of the coastal system>

A

inputs > processes > outputs

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17
Q

name a feature of the inputs in the coastal system?

A

solar movement, marine, atmosphere, land, people

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18
Q

name a feature of the processes in the coastal system?

A

weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport, deposition

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19
Q

name a feature of the outputs in the coastal system?

A

erosional landforms, depositional landforms, different types of coast

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20
Q

what is a advancing coast?

A

construction of land/deposition

21
Q

what is a retreating coast?

A

destruction of land/erosion

22
Q

what is a high energy coastline?

A

rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition

23
Q

what is a low energy coastline?

A

rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion

24
Q

what are the waves, processes and landforms of low energy coastlines?

A

waves= constructive, calmer, short fetches

processes= deposition, transportation, longshore drift

landforms= beaches, spits, salt marshes, bars mudflat

25
Q

what are the waves, processes and landforms of high energy coastlines?

A

waves= destructive, long fetches, stormy

processes= erosion, transportation, mass movement

landforms= cliffs, wavecut platform, arches, stack

26
Q

where in the world is there an example of a low energy coastline?

A

Mediterranean coast, east Anglia coast

27
Q

where in the world is there an example of a high energy coastline?

A

Norway, Scotland, Atlantic coastline

28
Q

what are the 4 types of coastline?

A
  • discordant
  • concordant
  • haff
  • dalmation
29
Q

what is a discordant coastline?

A

the geology alternates between bands of more-resistant and less-resistant rock which run at right angles to the coast (headlands and bays form)

30
Q

what is a concordant coastline?

A

bands of more resistant and less resistant rock run parallel to the coast (coves are formed)

31
Q

what is a haff coastline?

A

long spits of sand and lagoons aligned parallel to the coast

32
Q

what is a dalmation coastline?

A

have formed as a result of a rise in sea level, the valleys flood because of this causing the tops of the ridges to remain above the surface of the sea

33
Q

define coastal morphology

A

shape and form of coastal landforms

34
Q

define lithology

A

physical characteristics of particular rocks

35
Q

define permeable rock

A

has pores which allow water to flow through it (air spaces) not tightly compact

36
Q

define impermeable rock

A

tightly compact do doesn’t allow water through it

37
Q

how many different geological structures are there on the coastline?

A

5

38
Q

describe the 5 different geological structures on a coastline…

A
  1. horizontal strata produce steep cliffs
  2. rocks dip gently towards the sea, almost vertical joint
  3. steep dip towards the sea
  4. rocks dip inland producing a stable steep cliff profile
  5. rocks dip inland but with well developed joint at right angles to bedding planes
39
Q

give an example of discordant, concordant, dalmation and haff coastline

A

discordant- old harry
concordant- lulworth
dalmation- croatia
haff- curonian lagoon

40
Q

what does lithology include?

A

geological structure, how porus the rock is, permeability, composition

41
Q

What are the 6 parts of a sand dune (in order)

A

Born > embryo > fore > yellow > grey > mature

42
Q

Name a plant u would see on a sand dune?

A
  • sea couch grass
  • marram
  • various herbs
  • shrubs
  • pioneer plants
43
Q

What is the sand like on a sand dune?

A

sand is unstable and very dry because it lacks organic matter

44
Q

What is the name for the characteristics plants must have to survive on a sand dune?

A

Xerophytic characteristics

45
Q

Name a plants you would see on a salt marsh?

A
  • salt grass
  • pickle weed
  • marshgrass
  • less salt tolerant plants
  • cordgrass
  • pioneer plants
  • eelgrass
46
Q

What is part of the upper half of a salt marsh?

A

Raised above regular height, may be dissected by small channels and creeks

47
Q

What is part of the lower half of a salt marsh?

A

Under water for long periods of time

48
Q

Define dune plants succession..

A

The sequence of plants that occupy different features

Geography a level (17 decks)

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