Tectonics EQ2

Question 1

what is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 1

(hazard x vulnerability) / capacity to cope

Question 2

what is a natural disaster?

Answer 2

500 or more deaths

Question 3

what does Dregg’s model of disaster of vulnerability show/compare?

Answer 3

hazardous event + vunerable population

Question 4

what is the PAR model?

Answer 4

pressure and release model

Question 5

what does the PAR model involve?

Answer 5

root cause > dynamic pressure > unsafe conditions

Question 6

name a developing country for the PAR model?

Answer 6

Haiti

Question 7

what is Haiti’s PAR model? (give one for each 3 factors)

Answer 7

root cause:

• heavily in debt to US, Germany, and french banks = used money to repay its debts instead of improving the infrastructure
• corruption
• most of the population lived under the poverty line

dynamic pressure:

• lack of disaster preparedness and management systems
• lack of education systems
• rapid urbanisation = vulnerable slum- like housing
• high population density

unsafe conditions:

• soft soil
• lot of illegal housing built in unsafe areas
• low GDP per capita =buildings constructed cheaply

Question 8

name a emerging country for the PAR model..

Answer 8

china

Question 9

what is china’s PAR model? (give 1 reason per feature)

Answer 9

root cause:

• accepted bribes
• corrupt government
• hard to access

dynamic pressures:

• mountainous regions
• rural area= lack of training and preparedness
• lack of investment in earthquake proofing
• lots of rebuilding

unsafe conditions:
-earthquake triggered landslides that lead to a 1/4 of earthquake related deaths

Question 10

what tectonic process does the PAR model measure?

Answer 10

earthquakes

Question 11

name a developed country for the PAR model….

Answer 11

japan

Question 12

what is Japan’s PAR model?(give 1 reason per feature)

Answer 12

root cause:

• low levels of corruption= buildings constructed with earthquake proof
• nuclear power plant was damaged=leaked radiation

dynamic pressures:

• well developed disaster plans
• population in city was big
• evacuation routes

unsafe conditions:

• nuclear power plant not built properly
• many elderly people

Question 13

what is hazard vulnerability?

Answer 13

capacity of a person or group to cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural disaster

Question 14

name three factors which increase vulnerability..

Answer 14

• corrupt government
• larger population
• no warning systems
• lack of urban planning
• economic wealth
• vegetation is bad
• rapid population growth
• bad infrastructure

Question 15

name three factors which decrease vulnerability..

Answer 15

• good infrastructure
• evacuation plans/routes
• more developed the country
• strong building regulations
• early warning systems
• good access to resources
• strong emergency services
• how switched on a country is

Question 16

what is Spearman’s rank correlation?

Answer 16

shows the correlation between magnitude of an earthquake and deaths

Question 17

what natural disaster does spearman’s rank measure?

Answer 17

earthquake

Question 18

what is a hazard profile?

Answer 18

way of comparing natural disasters by using characteristics to compare them

Question 19

what are the different characteristics of a hazard profile?

Answer 19

magnitude
no.of deaths
fast speed 
long duration
large spatial areas
very frequent 
high damage cost 
slow recovery rate

Question 20

what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for earthquakes?

Answer 20

Haiti and Christchurch
>both high speed on set
>Haiti had higher no of deaths

Question 21

what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for tsunamis?

Answer 21

indian ocean and Tokyo
>both had high magnitude of the same
>japan had high damage costs

Question 22

what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for volcanos?

Answer 22

Montserrat and st helens
>both had same slow recovery rate
>mt st helens had slower speed of onset