Tectonics Case Studies( NOT COMPLETE)!!

Question 1

What magnitude was the Bam, Iran earthquake (2003) and how many deaths did it cause?

Answer 1

Magnitude 6.6
26000 deaths

Question 2

What physical factors led to such a high death count in Bam, Iran?

Answer 2

Shallow (7km) focal depth directly under city
Occurred 5:25 am- most were sleeping
Winter- many deaths from hypothermia

Question 3

What governance factors led to such high deaths in the Bam, Iran earthquake?

Answer 3

Seismic building codes not enforced on historic 2400 year old buildings

Question 4

What development factors led to so many deaths in Bam, Iran?

Answer 4

Lack of skilled professionals to deal with mass trauma (20% of medical officials killed)

Question 5

What magnitude was the Nepal 2015 earthquake and how many deaths did it cause?

Answer 5

7.8 magnitude
9000 killed

Question 6

What physical factors led to deaths in Nepal 2015?

Answer 6

Steep mountain landscape— landslides + avalanches
Shallow focal depth (8.2km)

Question 7

What governance factors led to deaths in Nepal 2015?

Answer 7

Large lack of building code application
Kathmandu valley — high pop density of 13000 ppl/km squared

Question 8

What development factors led to deaths in the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

Answer 8

85% workers in p sector
Lower incomes + less secure income post disaster

Question 9

What magnitude was the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake and what were the effects?

Answer 9

7.3 magnitude
8000+ homes destroyed
Global electronics supply impacted

Question 10

What physical factors affected the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake?

Answer 10

Shallow (10km) focal depth
Foreshock — 6.5 magnitude

Question 11

What governance factors affected the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake?

Answer 11

Well enforced building codes — made to resist massive shock once
Some Pre 2000 standard building did collapse

Question 12

What is an example of gold mountains and what boundary was involved in their creation?

Answer 12

Himalayas
Collision of Indian +Eurasian plates

Question 13

What is an example of a rift valley with some details?

Answer 13

The East African rift system valley floor lies 1000m below the plateaus of Ethiopia + Kenya

Question 14

How would you describe p waves and how fast do they travel?

Answer 14

Longitudinal+ small amplitude, 8km/s

Question 15

How would you describe S waves and how fast do they travel?

Answer 15

Higher amplitude 4km/s

Question 16

How would you describe L waves and how fats do they travel?

Answer 16

High amplitude moving in horizontal plane travel at 4km/s

Question 17

When did the Indian Ocean tsunami occur?

Answer 17

Boxing Day 2004

Question 18

By 2050 what percentage of those over 60 will be in developed regions?

Answer 18

79%

Question 19

What does it mean by MMS being a logarithmic scale?

Answer 19

Each 1 unit increase is x10 the magnitude

Question 20

Why is the Indian Ocean mega-tsunami considered a mega disaster?

Answer 20

Large magnitude large areal extent high impact event

Question 21

What we’re the immediate effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami?

Answer 21

225,000 deaths in 12 countries

Question 22

What we’re the later effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami?

Answer 22

A decrease by 24% in crop yield over the next two years due to saltwater in inundation zones
Thailand hotels — 90% decrease i bookings meaning an estimated 100,000 lost their jobs

Question 23

What was the Indian Ocean tsunami caused by and how high was it?

Answer 23

9.0 magnitude undersea earthquake creating a wave 9-24 meters in height

Question 24

How did the tahoku 2011 tsunami cause a level 7 nuclear meltdown and what were the costs of this?

Answer 24

14 meter high wave overcame 10 meter high sea wall disabled cooling systems
The Fukushima power plant had damages worth $100 billion
Making tsunami costs $300 billion —most expensive disaster ever

Question 25

Why is Taiwan a disaster hotspot?

Answer 25

73% of the population are exposed to 4 different hazard types

Question 26

Why is the Phillipines a disaster hotspot?

Answer 26

36% of population Exposed to 5 different types of hazard Spend nearly 2% of GDP on post typhoon cleaning

Question 27

What is an example of prediction and forecasting being inneffective?

Answer 27

Eruption of mt Ontake 2014 with no diagnostic precursors killed 60 hikers

Question 28

What is an example of recovery efforts in Haiti?

Answer 28

$65 million fir infrastructure repairs including 100km roads

Question 29

What is an example of improvements in community resilience in Haiti post 2010?

Answer 29

Haitian Red Cross trained communities in disaster evacuation drills

Question 30

What is an example of when forecasting could not be used due to a lack of money and effective governance?

Answer 30

Turkey 2023

Question 31

How much do base isolation systems cost for a five storey building?

Answer 31

$1 million

Question 32

Where have cross bracing a been used as a hazard resistant design?

Answer 32

Retrofitted into Trans America Pyramid in San Francisco

Question 33

How much do base isolation systems reduce damage to key structures by?

Answer 33

80%

Question 34

What is an example of the use of base isolators and how does it show the negatives of their use?

Answer 34

Apple HQ —700 base isolators Cost apple $5billion which is 25% of Haiti’s GDP shows completely unaffordable

Question 35

What is an example of the use of land use zoning?

Answer 35

Haiti post 2010– restricted building on hill slopes

Question 36

What is a disadvantage of land use zoning?

Answer 36

By 2050 more than 2/3rds of population live in urban areas— slum settlements will therefore be built on unsuitable land

Question 37

What is an example of diverting lava flows

Answer 37

1973 heimay island eruption 6 million m cubed of seawater used to cool + divert seawater

Question 38

What is a disadvantage of diverting lava flows?

Answer 38

Can Only be done on basaltic lava flows near the sea

Question 39

What is an example of a sea wall?

Answer 39

Post 2011 — $12 billion in funding fir 14m high + 245 mike long sea wall

Question 40

What is an example showing the effectiveness of mangroves as a coastal defence?

Answer 40

Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 In Sri Lankan villages where mangroves removed had 6000 deaths, where no mangroves removed had 2 deaths

Question 41

What is an example of high tech monitoring + prediction technology fir tsunamis?

Answer 41

Thailand national disaster warning centre —136 warning towers + 3 detection. Buoys in andaman sea Able to calculate wave speed and when waves are within 2 minute of shore send a warning to 90 million people

Question 42

What are some disadvantages of earning systems for tsunamis?

Answer 42

Certain systems can only monitor earthquake induced tsunamis, in Indonesia only 72% of tsunamis are earthquake induced

Question 43

What is the Sendai framework?

Answer 43

2015 project signed by 187 countries to improve resilience in order to reduce vulnerability in disaster prone countries Priorities: Understanding, investing in preparedness, strengthening governance, build back better

Question 44

What is an example of long term aid?

Answer 44

World bank $65 million to Haiti to improve road network

Question 45

What is a disadvantage if short term aid?

Answer 45

Requires strong governance— post Haiti 2010 no chain of command

Question 46

What are a disadvantage of insurance?

Answer 46

Very expensive— made available by California earthquake authority but premiums range from $800-5000 annually + deductibles usually 15% which can be $60,000 for average home