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Geog A-level > Tectonics Case Studies( NOT COMPLETE)!! > Flashcards

Tectonics Case Studies( NOT COMPLETE)!! Flashcards

1
Q

What magnitude was the Bam, Iran earthquake (2003) and how many deaths did it cause?

A

Magnitude 6.6
26000 deaths

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2
Q

What physical factors led to such a high death count in Bam, Iran?

A

Shallow (7km) focal depth directly under city
Occurred 5:25 am- most were sleeping
Winter- many deaths from hypothermia

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3
Q

What governance factors led to such high deaths in the Bam, Iran earthquake?

A

Seismic building codes not enforced on historic 2400 year old buildings

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4
Q

What development factors led to so many deaths in Bam, Iran?

A

Lack of skilled professionals to deal with mass trauma (20% of medical officials killed)

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5
Q

What magnitude was the Nepal 2015 earthquake and how many deaths did it cause?

A

7.8 magnitude
9000 killed

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6
Q

What physical factors led to deaths in Nepal 2015?

A

Steep mountain landscape— landslides + avalanches
Shallow focal depth (8.2km)

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7
Q

What governance factors led to deaths in Nepal 2015?

A

Large lack of building code application
Kathmandu valley — high pop density of 13000 ppl/km squared

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8
Q

What development factors led to deaths in the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

85% workers in p sector
Lower incomes + less secure income post disaster

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9
Q

What magnitude was the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake and what were the effects?

A

7.3 magnitude
8000+ homes destroyed
Global electronics supply impacted

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10
Q

What physical factors affected the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake?

A

Shallow (10km) focal depth
Foreshock — 6.5 magnitude

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11
Q

What governance factors affected the Kuamoto 2016 earthquake?

A

Well enforced building codes — made to resist massive shock once
Some Pre 2000 standard building did collapse

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12
Q

What is an example of gold mountains and what boundary was involved in their creation?

A

Himalayas
Collision of Indian +Eurasian plates

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13
Q

What is an example of a rift valley with some details?

A

The East African rift system valley floor lies 1000m below the plateaus of Ethiopia + Kenya

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14
Q

How would you describe p waves and how fast do they travel?

A

Longitudinal+ small amplitude, 8km/s

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15
Q

How would you describe S waves and how fast do they travel?

A

Higher amplitude 4km/s

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16
Q

How would you describe L waves and how fats do they travel?

A

High amplitude moving in horizontal plane travel at 4km/s

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17
Q

When did the Indian Ocean tsunami occur?

A

Boxing Day 2004

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18
Q

By 2050 what percentage of those over 60 will be in developed regions?

A

79%

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19
Q

What does it mean by MMS being a logarithmic scale?

A

Each 1 unit increase is x10 the magnitude

20
Q

Why is the Indian Ocean mega-tsunami considered a mega disaster?

A

Large magnitude large areal extent high impact event

21
Q

What we’re the immediate effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami?

A

225,000 deaths in 12 countries

22
Q

What we’re the later effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami?

A

A decrease by 24% in crop yield over the next two years due to saltwater in inundation zones
Thailand hotels — 90% decrease i bookings meaning an estimated 100,000 lost their jobs

23
Q

What was the Indian Ocean tsunami caused by and how high was it?

A

9.0 magnitude undersea earthquake creating a wave 9-24 meters in height

24
Q

How did the tahoku 2011 tsunami cause a level 7 nuclear meltdown and what were the costs of this?

A

14 meter high wave overcame 10 meter high sea wall disabled cooling systems
The Fukushima power plant had damages worth $100 billion
Making tsunami costs $300 billion —most expensive disaster ever

25
Q

Why is Taiwan a disaster hotspot?

A

73% of the population are exposed to 4 different hazard types

26
Q

Why is the Phillipines a disaster hotspot?

A

36% of population Exposed to 5 different types of hazard
Spend nearly 2% of GDP on post typhoon cleaning

27
Q

What is an example of prediction and forecasting being inneffective?

A

Eruption of mt Ontake 2014 with no diagnostic precursors killed 60 hikers

28
Q

What is an example of recovery efforts in Haiti?

A

$65 million fir infrastructure repairs including 100km roads

29
Q

What is an example of improvements in community resilience in Haiti post 2010?

A

Haitian Red Cross trained communities in disaster evacuation drills

30
Q

What is an example of when forecasting could not be used due to a lack of money and effective governance?

A

Turkey 2023

31
Q

How much do base isolation systems cost for a five storey building?

A

$1 million

32
Q

Where have cross bracing a been used as a hazard resistant design?

A

Retrofitted into Trans America Pyramid in San Francisco

33
Q

How much do base isolation systems reduce damage to key structures by?

A

80%

34
Q

What is an example of the use of base isolators and how does it show the negatives of their use?

A

Apple HQ —700 base isolators
Cost apple $5billion which is 25% of Haiti’s GDP shows completely unaffordable

35
Q

What is an example of the use of land use zoning?

A

Haiti post 2010– restricted building on hill slopes

36
Q

What is a disadvantage of land use zoning?

A

By 2050 more than 2/3rds of population live in urban areas— slum settlements will therefore be built on unsuitable land

37
Q

What is an example of diverting lava flows

A

1973 heimay island eruption 6 million m cubed of seawater used to cool + divert seawater

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of diverting lava flows?

A

Can Only be done on basaltic lava flows near the sea

39
Q

What is an example of a sea wall?

A

Post 2011 — $12 billion in funding fir 14m high + 245 mike long sea wall

40
Q

What is an example showing the effectiveness of mangroves as a coastal defence?

A

Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
In Sri Lankan villages where mangroves removed had 6000 deaths, where no mangroves removed had 2 deaths

41
Q

What is an example of high tech monitoring + prediction technology fir tsunamis?

A

Thailand national disaster warning centre —136 warning towers + 3 detection. Buoys in andaman sea
Able to calculate wave speed and when waves are within 2 minute of shore send a warning to 90 million people

42
Q

What are some disadvantages of earning systems for tsunamis?

A

Certain systems can only monitor earthquake induced tsunamis, in Indonesia only 72% of tsunamis are earthquake induced

43
Q

What is the Sendai framework?

A

2015 project signed by 187 countries to improve resilience in order to reduce vulnerability in disaster prone countries
Priorities:
Understanding, investing in preparedness, strengthening governance, build back better

44
Q

What is an example of long term aid?

A

World bank $65 million to Haiti to improve road network

45
Q

What is a disadvantage if short term aid?

A

Requires strong governance— post Haiti 2010 no chain of command

46
Q

What are a disadvantage of insurance?

A

Very expensive— made available by California earthquake authority but premiums range from $800-5000 annually + deductibles usually 15% which can be $60,000 for average home

Geog A-level (22 decks)

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