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Geog A-level > Superpowers Key Theroetical Terms > Flashcards

Superpowers Key Theroetical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Superpower

A

A nation with the ability to project its influence anywhere in the world and be a dominant global force

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2
Q

Emerging superpowers

A

Nations whose economic military and political influence is already large but still growing

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3
Q

Regional powers

A

Smaller influence- countries that are superpowers at a continental scale

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4
Q

Hyper power

A

A current superpower that is completely unchallenged by other powers

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5
Q

Hard power

A

Use of military or economic force to make a country alter its ways

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6
Q

Soft power

A

Use of power via policies and ideologies to influence a country to change

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7
Q

Smart power

A

A mixed use of soft and hard power e.g. trade agreements

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8
Q

Imperialist strategies

A

Strategy to extend a countries power via colonisation

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9
Q

A unipolar world

A

Global power is dominated by one country

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10
Q

A multi polar world

A

World where many different countries are global powers and they compete for global dominance

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11
Q

What was the winds of change?

A

1950-70 era amongst African nations in which they experienced independence and equality

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12
Q

Sphere of influence

A

A country or area in which another country or TNC has power to effect developments although it has no formal authority

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13
Q

Nationalism

A

The belief that one countries culture is superior to others

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14
Q

A bipolar world

A

When two global powers with differing ideologies dominate simultaneously

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15
Q

Neo colonialisms

A

Mechanisms by which post colonial powers maintain control over ex colonies in the developing world

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16
Q

SAP

A

Structural adjustment programme

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17
Q

Debt-Aid relationship

A

Developing nations owe money for past loans from developed nations yet rely on aid from these same nations to survive

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18
Q

Poor terms of trade

A

When developing nations export low value (often primary goods) to developed nations and import high value manufactured goods in return (disproportionately advantageous trade)

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19
Q

Brain drain

A

The loss of developing nations brightest and most productive people as they migrate to developed nations

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20
Q

Hegemony

A

Dominance

21
Q

Assured mutual destruction

A

Phenomenon where two powers don’t fight as they know a fight would negatively impact them both (e.g. nuclear war)

22
Q

Power vacuum

A

Situation in which there is a lack of global leadership

23
Q

UNSC

A

United Nations security council

24
Q

Capitalism

A

Economic model where markets are free and competitive with values of goods and services determined by supply and demand and people can privately own businesses and accumulate wealth

25
Q

Centrally planned economy

A

Economic model where all businesses are government owned and run, the lack of competition means the government can set prices for goods and services and the entire population are employed by the state

26
Q

State capitalism

A

Economic model (between capitalism and centrally planned) in which most industries are still owned by the government but some private investment and ownership has been allowed

27
Q

Trade liberalisation

A

The removal of trade restrictions such as tariffs or subsidies

28
Q

Public TNCs

A

Privately owned companies funded by numerous shareholders where shareholders receive a portion of annual profits as dividends these companies favour profit above all else

29
Q

Lobbying governments

A

Process undertaken by some powerful TNCs to change policy decisions in order to maximise profits

30
Q

Brand value

A

The overall worth of a brand, reflecting its overall strength, reputation and market position

31
Q

Brand value

A

The overall worth of a brand, reflecting its overall strength, reputation and market position

32
Q

Westernisation

A

The spread of western culture (capitalism) through arts, film, media, literature and fashion

33
Q

Unilateral intervention

A

Where one country acts alone in conflicts or world matters with its hugely powerful military or economy acting as a deterrent towards retaliation

34
Q

Economies of scale

A

The way in which mass produces products become cheaper as parts of the production line specialise and tariffs / subsidies are reduced

35
Q

Geopolitical stability

A

Global scale politics referring to the risk of wars, conflict or terrorism

36
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Decline in industrial production and energy intensive sectors, in turn reducing carbon emissions

37
Q

Physical resources

A

Natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals or timber

38
Q

Human Resources

A

The size of the working age population / skilled and innovative populations

39
Q

Transboundary resources

A

Reserves of resources that sit not within just one but multiple countries borders

40
Q

Exclusive economic zones

A

Area of ocean extending 200 miles from the mainlands coast that belongs to that nation (UNCLOS instigated)

41
Q

Intellectual property

A

The design of a product, piece of art etc that belongs to a specific brand or person

42
Q

Royalties

A

Money payed to an intellectual property owner that allows another company to utilise that intellectual property

43
Q

Wealthy elites

A

Rich individuals whom benefit from neo colonialism and have no desire to change

44
Q

Environmental exploitation

A

Unsustainable and irresponsible destruction of the natural environment used for economic gain

45
Q

Economic centre of gravity

A

Where the largest proportion of global gdp is created

46
Q

Cultural ideologies

A

Different perceptions across the world towards women, sexuality and the environment: often thought of as western capitalism, the Muslim world and eastern traditional culture

47
Q

Economic restructuring

A

Shift from one sector e.g. manufacturing industries to other sectors e.g. the service sector

48
Q

Skills gaps

A

Gaps in the labour forces skills meaning it cannot carry out some specific functions

Geog A-level (22 decks)

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