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A level Geography > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the inner core

A

solid ball of mostly iron, some nickel
high pressure
5,200 degrees

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2
Q

Describe the outer core

A

alloy of nickel and iron
4500-5000 degrees
molten movement creates magnetic field

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3
Q

Describe the mantle

A

magnesium, iron and silica
peridotile
high temp and pressure form of basalt
becomes ductile at depth

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4
Q

Describe the crust

A

oceanic (thinner and denser)

continental (thicker and lighter)

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5
Q

What is the boundary between the crust and mantle called

A

The Moho

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6
Q

How thick is the mantle

A

2,900km

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7
Q

Explain each type of crust

A 
Oceanic: 
dark in colour 
mafic rocks (less silica)
covers most of earth
continental: 
lighter in colour 
felsic rocks (more silica)
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8
Q

Explain plate boundaries

A

major, minor and micro
plates move around 2cm a year
most under oceans

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9
Q

Name the 7 major plates

A 
African
Antarctic 
Eurasian 
Pacific 
Indo-Australian 
North American 
South American
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10
Q

Name 3 major theorists and their theories

A

Wadati (1924) - intermediate to deep earthquake zone called the Wadati-Benioff line
Hess (1945) - aged rocks on Atlantic floor and proved oceanic spreading
Wegener (1912) - proposed Pangaea and continental drift

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11
Q

Name the evidence for plate tectonics

A

continents seem to fit together
fossilised remains of plants and animals on different continents
age of rock on each side of a ridge
evidence of glaciation

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12
Q

What studies confirmed sea floor spreading

A

paleomagnetism studies which studies changes in the earths magnetic field

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13
Q

Explain intraplate hotspots

A

a rise of a deep mantle plume caused by a slow convection of highly viscous material
as the plate moves over the plume, a chain of volcanic islands may be formed

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14
Q

What do conservative Plate boundary form

A

Transform faults and powerful earthquakes

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15
Q

What do destructive subduction Plate boundary form

A

Volcanoes
Fold mountains
Deep ocean trench
Earthquakes

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16
Q

What do destructive subduction under water Plate boundary form

A

Underwater volcanoes
Deep ocean trench
Earthquakes
Island arcs

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17
Q

What does a destructive collision Plate boundary form

A

High fold mountains and severe earthquakes

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18
Q

What does a constructive Plate boundary form

A 
Mid Atlantic ridge 
New crust 
Rift valleys 
Submarine volcanoes 
Shallow focus earthquakes
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19
Q

What are the three ways plates move

A

Convection currents
Slab pulling
Ridge pushing

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20
Q

Explain convection currents

A

Heat from the breakdown of radioactive isotopes deep in the mantle
Hot pulls up and cold falls

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21
Q

How is the earth dynamic

A

Because of the internal heat

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22
Q

Why is this theory not correct

A

The plates move faster than the currents

There are no currents large enough to move plates

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23
Q

Explain slab pulling

A

When a plate that’s being forced down pulls the rest of the plate with it

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24
Q

Explain ridge pushing

A

When plates are being forced away from each other are being pushed due to new magma forming

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25
Q

Explain the distribution of volcanic hazards

A

Ring of fire
Mainly at plats boundaries
Africa Rift Valley has hotspots

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26
Q

Explain the distribution of tsunamis

A

Plate boundaries
Ring of fire
Japan at very high risk
More exceptions as they move

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27
Q

Explain the distribution of earthquakes

A

Ring of fire
Eurasia
Plate boundaries and intraplate

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28
Q

Name a key constructive plate boundary

A 
The mid Atlantic ridge 
Oceanic - oceanic 
Black smokers
Creates deep Rift Valley 
Spreads 2-5 cm a year 
Eurasian/Africa and North American plate
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29
Q

Name a key destructive collision Plate boundary

A 
Himalayas 
2 continental 
Indian and Eurasian plates 
Earthquakes 
Grow 2-5cm a year
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30
Q

What is a mountain building event called

A

Oroganies

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31
Q

Name a key destructive subduction Plate boundary

A

Andies
Nazca and South American plates
3.8cm a year

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32
Q

What is the Wilson cycle

A

The cyclic opening and closing of ocean basins

One side destroyed other side made

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33
Q

Name a key conservative plate boundary

A

San Andreas fault

Pacific and North American plate

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34
Q

What is the appearance of a volcano affected by

A

Type and viscosity of magma, the amount of gas present and the way in which magma is erupted

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35
Q

Explain the shape of a strato volcano

A 
Explosive and large cone chapel 
Subduction zones 
Plug and plug dome
Flank cinder cone 
Throat 
Vent
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36
Q

Explain the magma in a strato volcano

A 
High in silica 
Thick 
sticky 
Lots of gas
High pressure so dramatic explosions
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37
Q

What is tephra

A

Ejected material

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38
Q

Explain the shape of a shield volcano

A

Formed by frequent, gentle eruptions
Constructive Plate boundary
Vent
Gently sloping sides

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39
Q

Explain the magma in a shield volcano

A

Thin
Runny
Less silica and gas
Runs for long distances

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40
Q

Name the five types of eruptions

A 
Hawaiian
Strombolian
Vulcanian
Plinian
Surtseyan
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41
Q

Explain a Hawaiian eruption

A

No viscous lava
Spatter
Travels several miles

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42
Q

Explain a Strombolian eruption

A

Distinct burst of vicious lava

Lasts for years

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43
Q

Explain a Vulcanian eruption

A

Short and violent

Very powerful ash cloud

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44
Q

Explain a plinian eruption

A

Violent
Thick gassy magma
Massive eruption column

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45
Q

Explain a surtseyan eruption

A

Hydromagmatic interaction of water and lava

Lots of steam and scoria

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46
Q

Where does an earthquake originate and where is it felt

A

Focus and felt at epicentre

47
Q

What type of waves are primary and secondary

A

Body waves as they travel through the entire surface

48
Q

What type of wages are Rayleigh and love waves

A

Surface waves as they only travel on the surface

49
Q

Explain primary waves

A

Forward
Fast compression
Solid and liquids

50
Q

Explain secondary waves

A

Move sideways and perpendicular
Wave like
Solids only

51
Q

Explain Rayleigh waves

A

Roll like waves

Cause of most shaking

52
Q

Explain love waves

A

Side to side

53
Q

On the Richter scale, by what power does it increase by from each number

A

X10

54
Q

What does the mercalli scale look at

A

The impact on the local area
Subjective
Doesn’t always correlate to size of earthquake

55
Q

Name two primary hazards of an earthquake

A

Crustal fracturing

Ground shaking

56
Q

Name four primary hazards of a volcano

A

Lava flows
Ash falls
Pyroclastic flow
Gas eruptions

57
Q

Define a hazard

A

A natural process that may cause negative effects

58
Q

Define a disaster

A

A natural event that causes negative effects

59
Q

What is a man made disaster known as

A

Anthropogenic hazard

60
Q

The UK government declare a national emergency when

A

The event threatens to seriously damage human welfare, the environment or security

61
Q

What does the UN class as a disaster

A

Any event that causes more than 500 deaths

62
Q

What does EMDAT class as a disaster

A

More than 10 deaths

63
Q

What does the UN class as a mega disaster

A

More than 2000 deaths
Or 200,000 homeless
Or 5% reduction in GDP

64
Q

Define vulnerability

A

The potential to be harmed

65
Q

Define resilience

A

Capacity to recover quickly

66
Q

Name three reasons why a place may be vulnerable

A

Population
Natural resources
Ability/willingness to prepare/recover

67
Q

Name 11 things we need to consider when thinking about vulnerability of a place

A 
Physical geography 
Resilience 
Adaption 
Preparedness 
Protection 
Level of development 
Wealth 
Governance 
Education 
Technology 
Demographics
68
Q

Name three counties that are most vulnerable to physical and human hazards

A

The Philippines
Papa New Guinea
El Salvador

69
Q

What are the three p’s when it comes to planning for hazards

A

Prediction, protection and preparation

70
Q

Is the number of earthquakes increasing or decreasing

A

Statistically increasing

71
Q

Why may the frequency of earthquakes not actually be increasing

A

Historical records may be inaccurate
More population to be effected
Technology improvements mean we can detect smaller earthquakes

72
Q

Why is the number of deaths decreasing

A

Mitigation

73
Q

What is a recent technology used for mitigation

A

Social media such as lists of shelters, google person finder

74
Q

How can we predict earthquakes

A

Sampling and sensing

75
Q

How can we protect from earthquakes

A

Warnings and exclusion zones

76
Q

How can we plan for earthquakes

A

Drills, education

77
Q

What does the pressure and release model show

A

That a disaster occurs where social pressures and physical events overlap

78
Q

What does the PAR model suggest

A

What areas could be modified to reduce the risk

79
Q

Name three positives of event profiles

A

Compare physical processes in similar events
Allow specific management to be considered
Identify and rank hazards

80
Q

Name three negatives of event profiles

A

Reliability when comparing events is limited
Hard to compare across hazards
Involved some bias as there is no quantity

81
Q

Name 3 advantages of spearman’s rank

A

Shows significance of data
Proves/disproves correlation
Doesn’t assume normal distribution

82
Q

Name 3 disadvantage of spearman’s rank

A

Can be time comsuming and difficult
2 sets of data needed
Results can be misinterpreted

83
Q

What percentage of the Philippines and it’s population is at risk of multiple disasters and

A

60% of land

74% of population

84
Q

How many events does TP have per year

A

10

85
Q

What 3 factors increase its vulnerability

A

Growing population
Rapid urbanisation
Poverty increase

86
Q

Where do many of the poor live

A

In the coast which puts them more at risk

87
Q

What does TP lie on

A

The Pacific typhoon belt

88
Q

Why are multiple hazards difficult

A

It drains resources and stretches ability of emergency services

89
Q

What building doing standards are in Manila

A

8.4 earthquake proof structures

90
Q

What human hazards does TP have

A

Measles and polio outbreaks

91
Q

Name another reason why natural hazards have increased in frequency

A

Since 2007 landslides have been included

92
Q

What factor with natural hazards is rising

A

Financial cost

93
Q

Name 4 reasons why less people are dying

A

Disaster preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery

94
Q

What is the difference between forecasts and predictions

A

Forecasts are scientific and free from personal bias whereas predictions are subjective and philosophical

95
Q

Explain earthquake forecasting

A

Based on statistical likelihood and evidence from seismic monitoring and historical records
Long term forecasts are more reliable than short term

96
Q

Name 5 ways we can possibly predict earthquakes

A 
Seismic recurrence 
Magma movement models 
Animals and p waves
Hydro chemical precursors 
Seismic gap theory
97
Q

Name 4 ways we can predict volcanoes

A

Shape of volcanoes
Gas and steam emissions
Temperature changes
Harmonic tremors

98
Q

What is the exam boards definition of a mega disaster

A

A disaster that has both regional and global impacts

99
Q

Name the 3 mega disasters and why they were classified

A

Boxing Day tsunami : impacted more than one country, Pacific warning system out in place afterwards
E14 eruption: effected flow of people and capital and limited interdependence
Japan tsunami 2011: radioactive materials spread globally and many countries changed their nuclear energy policies

100
Q

Name two ways in which we modify volcanoes

A

Mitigation and engineering strategies eg bombing in Edna

101
Q

Name two ways in which we modify tsunamis

A

Increasing coastal vegetation and building tsunami walls

102
Q

Can we modify earthquakes

A

No

103
Q

How can we reduce human vulnerability to earthquakes

A

Skyscrapers that sit on moving balls, retrofitting older buildings, cross bracing

104
Q

Name two ways in which we can modify the vulnerability and resilience to hazards

A

Warning systems such as FEMA in USA

Community preparedness such as making sure people are educated and there is money to cover damage

105
Q

Name two ways in which we can modify loss of money

A

Insurance increased in high risk areas such as Lloyd’s city risk index
Short and long term aid to take pressure off government

106
Q

What do modifications all depend on

A

The governance of the country

107
Q

What is Parks model also known as

A

the disaster response curve

108
Q

what is the parks model used to understand

A

prediction, impact and management of tectonic hazards

109
Q

what is the aim of parks model

A

to show the effects of hazard on quality of life over a sequence of time

110
Q

How many stages are in this model

A

5

111
Q

name three advantages of this model

A

visually effective and easy to interpret
enables similar events to be compared
highlights significance of emergency relief

112
Q

name three disadvantages of this model

A

generalised model
doesn’t account for differences in development
doesn’t establish capacity to respond

113
Q

Name another model for disaster management

A

the disaster risk management cycle

114
Q

what are the 4 parts of the DRMC

A

preparedness, response, recovery, mitigation

A level Geography (8 decks)

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