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A level Geography > Management of regeneration (EQ3 + 4) > Flashcards

Management of regeneration (EQ3 + 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Address an imbalance in infrastructure between the North and the South

A

spending per person in London - £2595 a year

per person in North East - £5

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2
Q

What does this imbalance lead to

A

lack of labour mobility

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3
Q

How has the government tried to address this

A

by the northern powerhouse

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4
Q

What is the main aim of the NP

A

to invest in infrastructure in the north by connecting major industrial towns and cities

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5
Q

Since the 1980’s there has been an increase in what

A

levels of privatisation and partnerships between the government and private finance companies

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6
Q

what are private finance companies

A

companies that help design and build projects in return for long term payments or profits

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7
Q

Which cities does HS2 link

A

London to Birmingham (phase 1), then Birmingham to Leeds, Manchester and Sheffield (phase 2)

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8
Q

Why is HS2 needed

A

As road expansion has not kept up with demand, congestion costs the UK £22 billion a year in lost time and people can work whilst on trains

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9
Q

Name 3 economic impacts of HS2

A

Estimated to bring in around £45 billion in economic benefits over 6 decades
Money will come from taxpayers
Estimated cost stands at £32 billion and the IEA have said it will cost more than it will benefit

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10
Q

Name 2 environmental impacts

A

Will affect the UK’s carbon emission target

Lots of visual and noise pollution during and after construction

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11
Q

Name 2 social impacts

A

Create 60,000 jobs in construction

No intermediate stations so many affected won’t even have access

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12
Q

Who is for the Heathrow expansion

A

Richard Branson, business leaders, British Chambers of Commerce

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13
Q

Who is against the expansion

A

Mayor of London, MP’s, Greenpeace, high profile celebs

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14
Q

Why does Heathrow need more capacity

A

its running at close to 100%, delays will happen if not expanded

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15
Q

How will the third runway boost the economy

A

£7bn a year and many long and short term jobs

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16
Q

Why are the pollution concerns overplayed

A

new technologies are making planes quieter and less polluting

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17
Q

why is there no alternative

A

there is no other location along the Thames to place a new airport

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18
Q

Why would the emissions be bad

A

could lead to being 50% of UK total as the rest of the country cuts

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19
Q

Why would it put the londoners health at risk

A

high levels of nitrous oxide and noise pollution levels maxed

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20
Q

Why is the expansion economically overstated

A

many passengers would be only transit

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21
Q

Name 2 other negatives about the expansion

A

a village would be destroyed along with the greenbelt, it is also in a historically bad location as the flight path is over the city

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22
Q

Why is rising population a problem for meeting the housing demand

A

there is more immigration and rising birth rates, and people are living to an older age meaning more people need houses

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23
Q

Why is multiple households a problem for meeting the housing demand

A

As divorce rate increases, more houses are needed to hold one family

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24
Q

Why are overseas investors a problem for meeting the housing demand

A

Property is a safe investment so people are buying property but leaving it unoccupied

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25
Q

Why is the lack of affordable housing a problem for meeting the housing demand

A

since the 1980’s lots of social housing has been lost due to the right to buy scheme meaning there is less housing for those on a lower income

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26
Q

What do government decisions on housing affect

A

the rate and type of development that is allowed

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27
Q

What are planning laws

A

Laws made by the government to reduce the negative impacts of regeneration on the social, economic and natural environment

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28
Q

Explain the problem in Cornwall for the house demand

A

Used to be mainly retirees but now families are moving there
27,000 new houses needed but only 16,000 built
Driven house prices up even though it is a fairly low wage county

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29
Q

What is fracking

A

The process of drilling down into horizontal layers of shale deep underground and then injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure to fracture it and release the trapped gas

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30
Q

Why has the government decided fracking would be good for the UK

A

it would mean that we wouldnt have to import gas as it would add to our energy security

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31
Q

Why is there so much opposition to the decision of fracking

A

because the amount of the source is unknown and its been estimated that it might not even be a years worth by a British Geological survey
it can also contaminate groundwater if some bursts

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32
Q

Which other decisions does the government make that have impacts on the potential for economic growth and direct and indirect investment

A

decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets

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33
Q

Name a town that has seen positive effects from international migration

A

Corby

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34
Q

Explain what has happened in Corby

A

It previously had an ageing population and an increasingly poorly skilled workforce
East European entrepreneurs moved there since 2006 and set up many businesses
property crime and anti social behaviour has halved since 2006

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35
Q

Why is migration good for ageing populations

A

Migrants are usually young families so they are making the population more sustainable

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36
Q

How will the labour market be affected by Brexit

A

Not as many low skilled workers will be coming in due to the points based system
only allowing people in where we have specific skill shortages
no free movement of labour that comes with being in the EU

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37
Q

What changes came with Thatchers deregulation of capital markets

A

London Stock Exchange no longer had monopoly on all share dealings - freedom of individuals to invest
Barriers stopping overseas banks from setting up offices were removed

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38
Q

What were the positives of this governments decision

A

it allowed foreign investors to invest without seeking approval from the government first - doubled the UK’s GDP account for business, finance and banking

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39
Q

What were the negatives from this deregulation

A

It controversially increased migration due to the movement between companies

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40
Q

Define regeneration

A

improving a rural or urban area by making positive changes

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41
Q

Define redevelopment

A

knocking down and replacing derelict buildings

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42
Q

Define rebranding

A

creating a new look or reputation for an area

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43
Q

Define reimaging

A

part of a regeneration strategy by changing the image or name of a place

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44
Q

What does post production mean

A

when agriculture is no longer the major employer

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45
Q

Give an example of a post production place

A

Cornwall

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46
Q

What are the two reasons why Cornwall needs rebranding and regeneration

A

It old economy has declined (farmimg, fishing, quarrying)

Its new economy is varied and tourism is seasonal, it only has a small quaternary sector

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47
Q

Why does its location cause problems

A

its isolated, not in the economic core of the country

48
Q

What does Cornwall have to do to attract investment

A

compete with other places to gain governmental Redion Aid

49
Q

What comes with regional aid

A

a local enterprise zone where they rebrand a certain area to attract businesses

50
Q

Name an enterprise zone in Cornwall

A

Newquay Aerohub Business Park

51
Q

How is Cornwall undergoing diversification

A

They are trying to shift the economy away from being reliant on tourism

52
Q

What is the business parks ‘brand’

A

its location, trying to attract aviation businesses

53
Q

Was the aerohub a success

A

not really, as it only made 450/700 proposed jobs and many of them weren’t new
up to 2015 there was very little investment
2017 aer lingus said they would fly to canada from cornwall

54
Q

Define legacy

A

the long term effects of a regeneration scheme

55
Q

Define catalyst

A

the method used or the event that starts a regeneration scheme

56
Q

Name 3 economic measures of regen success

A

income
poverty
employment

57
Q

Name 3 social measures of regen success

A

reduction in inequality
“ in deprivation
demographic changes (increased life expectancy)

58
Q

Name 2 evironmental measures of regen success

A

reduced pollution

reduction in derelict/abandoned land

59
Q

Name the three different sources of investment

A

public sector
private sector
public-private partnership

60
Q

Give and explain an example of the private sector

A 
Stratford Westfield shopping centre 
retail led regen
10,000 jobs
annual turnover 1 billion
contributes to local economy
61
Q

Give and explain an example of the public sector

A

London 2012 olympics
cost 9.3 billion
costs recovered through sales of tickets and athletes village apartment sales
on time, under budget and at a profit

62
Q

Give and explain an example of a public-private partnership

A

the london docklands regeneration 1990’s
potrayed as market led but was public (government handing over land) and private (building of the new areas)
seen as socially advantageous and an economic investment

63
Q

Name players in the public sector

A

MP’s
government officials
councils

64
Q

Name players in the private sector

A

company directors
shareholders
employees

65
Q

What are the benefits of the public sector

A

provides services and infrastructure where needed, not where they make profit
can prevent the start of a depressed economy

66
Q

What are the negatives of the public sector

A

can be slow, inaccurate budgeting and poor delivery times

67
Q

What are the benefits of the private sector

A

energetic, creative and competitve

68
Q

What are the negatives of the private sector

A

only serves the companies interests

69
Q

What does the public sector deal with

A

infrastructure
major national events
health services

70
Q

What does the private sector deal with

A

technology

supply chains

71
Q

What do partnerships deal with

A

housing

72
Q

What is the role of national government and planners in regeneration

A

planning permission

pump priming to start nationally important developments

73
Q

What is the role of local councils in regeneration

A 
small scale or local regeneration schemes
permissive arrangements (eg street performers)
74
Q

What is the role of developers in regeneration

A

funding of schemes

75
Q

What is the role of local businesses in regeneration

A

lobby councils

invest in schemes

76
Q

What is the role of local communities in regeneration

A

form pressure groups

vote for local councils

77
Q

What were three economic regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics

A

create new jobs and skills
encourage trade
inward investment from tourism

78
Q

What were three social regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics

A

reduce unemployment
create afforable housing
improve education as new school was built

79
Q

What were three environmental regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics

A

create new green spaces for new habitats
reduce derelict space as Lower Lea valley was cleaned
stadiums built with at least 25% recycled materials

80
Q

What is a contested space

A

when making a change to said place affects the meaning that other stakeholders attach to that place

81
Q

Name a rural regeneration project

A

The North Antrim Coast, NI

82
Q

What are the economic reasons for this regeneration

A

rural diversification - creating 400 jobs, 300 new businesses, 3 percent economic growth by giving £8.5million to support local rural business and creating new business projects
tourism - enhance local amenitites to increase tourism by 10%

83
Q

What are the social reasons for this regeneration

A

improvement in basic services and transport - village renewal and tackling low educational attainment to improve quality of life for 5000 villagers and make 10 new projects for children and young adults

84
Q

What are the environmental reasons for this regenration

A

replace the ferry and fund projects to restore and conserve historical buildings and rural heritage

85
Q

Name the six key players in this regeneration

A 
National Trust
Moyle District Council
Local farmers
Translink
renewable energy companies 
local hoteliers and restauranteurs
86
Q

Name an economic criticism of the giants causeway regeneration

A

locals complain that tourism will dominate the economy

87
Q

Name some social criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration

A

increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness

88
Q

Name some environmental criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration

A

new safety equipment would downgrade the quality of the environment and take away from its beauty
tourims and new buses will increase pollution
new tourists may take the site to full capacity and the rocks could be eroded away quicker

89
Q

What are the 4 categories of countryside

A

preserved
paternalistic
contested
clientalistic

90
Q

Explain the preserved countryside

A

English Lowlands and the Lakes
preservationalist attitudes of middle class inhabitants
want to preserve the area and contest any development plans

91
Q

Explain the paternalistic countryside

A

Isle of Jura
areas where the paternal power of old aristocrats and estate owners has gone unchallenged
looking at new ways of income eg deer hunting for tourists

92
Q

Explain the contested countryside

A

Yorkshire
on the urban fringe where farmers want to make the most of their land through development but people who are moving out there for the countryside contest this

93
Q

Explain the clientalistic countryside

A

Mid Wales
remoteness and poor climate dont attract many people for tourism or to live
people living their rely heavily on grants

94
Q

Why may places become post production

A

as technology is taking jobs away from agriculture

95
Q

What are 5 ways to rural rebrand

A

celebrate heritage and history eg IronBridge
celebrate natural history eg jurassic coast
traditional crafts and foods in festivals
link to media/tv
farm diversification eg mazes

96
Q

What does a polysemic rural landscape mean

A

that it has varied meanings and views for different groups

97
Q

What are the three viewpoints about rural areas

A

1 - some places set aside from human use completely
2 - lived in but protected from identity changes
3 - new jobs and homes needed so rural places should change to fit that

98
Q

What are NIMBY feelings

A

not in my back yard feelings

99
Q

Name 6 different point of view you can include

A 
locals
farmers/land owners
local government
investors
environmentalists
national government
100
Q

What is a contested space

A

when making a change to a place affects the meaning other stakeholders attach to it

101
Q

Define stakeholder

A

someone who has an interest in an area or issue

102
Q

What are sovereign wealth funds

A

global scale ‘piggy banks’ to help build global influence and diversify income sources

103
Q

Name a sovereign wealth fund

A

Norway owning 25% of Regent Street

104
Q

Is there an economic gain to be had from reimaging

A

no, it is informal

105
Q

What does rebranding involve

A

deliberate and fromal economic gain changes such as marketing it as a tourist destination
sheding old or unwanted reputations

106
Q

What is the aim of regeneration

A

environmental transformation

107
Q

What are economic measures of the success of regeneration

A

increase in local income
increase in employment
improvements in IMD scores

108
Q

What are social measures of the success of regeneration

A

demographic change - balanced population structure better and more young people means more jobs being created
life expectancy and access to health improved
educational attainment improved

109
Q

What are environmental measures of the success of regeneration

A

reduce brownfield sites

improve air and water quality

110
Q

What can impact peoples measure of success

A

changing of image

changing of culture

111
Q

Name an urban regeneration project

A

Salford Quays

112
Q

What are the economic reasons for Salfords regeneration

A

industrial decline as shipping was taken over by liverpool
deindustrialisation eg Vimto factory closing
docks closed in 1982
house prices fell to £10,000 in the 80’s

113
Q

What are the social reasons for Salfords regeneration

A

increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness

114
Q

What are the environment reasons for Salfords regeneration

A

many brownfield sites such as vimto factory and the quays
flood risk for 1,800 properties
hydrogen sulphide issues in docks

115
Q

Name 4 stakeholders in the Salford regen

A

local residents - aim to have a better quality of life, promised 15,000 jobs but not delivered
BBC - aim to save money, deliver same service but cheaper due to relocation, makes it more representative for whole country
local businesses - aim to increase economic gain/income, more people
private residential development company - aim to increase profits, house price increase by 50%

116
Q

Name 5 public sector regeneration projects in Salford

A 
railway lines connected
trams to manchester
mediacity UK
council led clean up of water quality
new secondary school

A level Geography (8 decks)

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