Management of regeneration (EQ3 + 4) Flashcards
Address an imbalance in infrastructure between the North and the South
spending per person in London - £2595 a year
per person in North East - £5
What does this imbalance lead to
lack of labour mobility
How has the government tried to address this
by the northern powerhouse
What is the main aim of the NP
to invest in infrastructure in the north by connecting major industrial towns and cities
Since the 1980’s there has been an increase in what
levels of privatisation and partnerships between the government and private finance companies
what are private finance companies
companies that help design and build projects in return for long term payments or profits
Which cities does HS2 link
London to Birmingham (phase 1), then Birmingham to Leeds, Manchester and Sheffield (phase 2)
Why is HS2 needed
As road expansion has not kept up with demand, congestion costs the UK £22 billion a year in lost time and people can work whilst on trains
Name 3 economic impacts of HS2
Estimated to bring in around £45 billion in economic benefits over 6 decades
Money will come from taxpayers
Estimated cost stands at £32 billion and the IEA have said it will cost more than it will benefit
Name 2 environmental impacts
Will affect the UK’s carbon emission target
Lots of visual and noise pollution during and after construction
Name 2 social impacts
Create 60,000 jobs in construction
No intermediate stations so many affected won’t even have access
Who is for the Heathrow expansion
Richard Branson, business leaders, British Chambers of Commerce
Who is against the expansion
Mayor of London, MP’s, Greenpeace, high profile celebs
Why does Heathrow need more capacity
its running at close to 100%, delays will happen if not expanded
How will the third runway boost the economy
£7bn a year and many long and short term jobs
Why are the pollution concerns overplayed
new technologies are making planes quieter and less polluting
why is there no alternative
there is no other location along the Thames to place a new airport
Why would the emissions be bad
could lead to being 50% of UK total as the rest of the country cuts
Why would it put the londoners health at risk
high levels of nitrous oxide and noise pollution levels maxed
Why is the expansion economically overstated
many passengers would be only transit
Name 2 other negatives about the expansion
a village would be destroyed along with the greenbelt, it is also in a historically bad location as the flight path is over the city
Why is rising population a problem for meeting the housing demand
there is more immigration and rising birth rates, and people are living to an older age meaning more people need houses
Why is multiple households a problem for meeting the housing demand
As divorce rate increases, more houses are needed to hold one family
Why are overseas investors a problem for meeting the housing demand
Property is a safe investment so people are buying property but leaving it unoccupied
Why is the lack of affordable housing a problem for meeting the housing demand
since the 1980’s lots of social housing has been lost due to the right to buy scheme meaning there is less housing for those on a lower income
What do government decisions on housing affect
the rate and type of development that is allowed
What are planning laws
Laws made by the government to reduce the negative impacts of regeneration on the social, economic and natural environment
Explain the problem in Cornwall for the house demand
Used to be mainly retirees but now families are moving there
27,000 new houses needed but only 16,000 built
Driven house prices up even though it is a fairly low wage county
What is fracking
The process of drilling down into horizontal layers of shale deep underground and then injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure to fracture it and release the trapped gas
Why has the government decided fracking would be good for the UK
it would mean that we wouldnt have to import gas as it would add to our energy security
Why is there so much opposition to the decision of fracking
because the amount of the source is unknown and its been estimated that it might not even be a years worth by a British Geological survey
it can also contaminate groundwater if some bursts
Which other decisions does the government make that have impacts on the potential for economic growth and direct and indirect investment
decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets
Name a town that has seen positive effects from international migration
Corby
Explain what has happened in Corby
It previously had an ageing population and an increasingly poorly skilled workforce
East European entrepreneurs moved there since 2006 and set up many businesses
property crime and anti social behaviour has halved since 2006
Why is migration good for ageing populations
Migrants are usually young families so they are making the population more sustainable
How will the labour market be affected by Brexit
Not as many low skilled workers will be coming in due to the points based system
only allowing people in where we have specific skill shortages
no free movement of labour that comes with being in the EU
What changes came with Thatchers deregulation of capital markets
London Stock Exchange no longer had monopoly on all share dealings - freedom of individuals to invest
Barriers stopping overseas banks from setting up offices were removed
What were the positives of this governments decision
it allowed foreign investors to invest without seeking approval from the government first - doubled the UK’s GDP account for business, finance and banking
What were the negatives from this deregulation
It controversially increased migration due to the movement between companies
Define regeneration
improving a rural or urban area by making positive changes
Define redevelopment
knocking down and replacing derelict buildings
Define rebranding
creating a new look or reputation for an area
Define reimaging
part of a regeneration strategy by changing the image or name of a place
What does post production mean
when agriculture is no longer the major employer
Give an example of a post production place
Cornwall
What are the two reasons why Cornwall needs rebranding and regeneration
It old economy has declined (farmimg, fishing, quarrying)
Its new economy is varied and tourism is seasonal, it only has a small quaternary sector
Why does its location cause problems
its isolated, not in the economic core of the country
What does Cornwall have to do to attract investment
compete with other places to gain governmental Redion Aid
What comes with regional aid
a local enterprise zone where they rebrand a certain area to attract businesses
Name an enterprise zone in Cornwall
Newquay Aerohub Business Park
How is Cornwall undergoing diversification
They are trying to shift the economy away from being reliant on tourism
What is the business parks ‘brand’
its location, trying to attract aviation businesses
Was the aerohub a success
not really, as it only made 450/700 proposed jobs and many of them weren’t new
up to 2015 there was very little investment
2017 aer lingus said they would fly to canada from cornwall
Define legacy
the long term effects of a regeneration scheme
Define catalyst
the method used or the event that starts a regeneration scheme
Name 3 economic measures of regen success
income
poverty
employment
Name 3 social measures of regen success
reduction in inequality
“ in deprivation
demographic changes (increased life expectancy)
Name 2 evironmental measures of regen success
reduced pollution
reduction in derelict/abandoned land
Name the three different sources of investment
public sector
private sector
public-private partnership
Give and explain an example of the private sector
Stratford Westfield shopping centre retail led regen 10,000 jobs annual turnover 1 billion contributes to local economy
Give and explain an example of the public sector
London 2012 olympics
cost 9.3 billion
costs recovered through sales of tickets and athletes village apartment sales
on time, under budget and at a profit
Give and explain an example of a public-private partnership
the london docklands regeneration 1990’s
potrayed as market led but was public (government handing over land) and private (building of the new areas)
seen as socially advantageous and an economic investment
Name players in the public sector
MP’s
government officials
councils
Name players in the private sector
company directors
shareholders
employees
What are the benefits of the public sector
provides services and infrastructure where needed, not where they make profit
can prevent the start of a depressed economy
What are the negatives of the public sector
can be slow, inaccurate budgeting and poor delivery times
What are the benefits of the private sector
energetic, creative and competitve
What are the negatives of the private sector
only serves the companies interests
What does the public sector deal with
infrastructure
major national events
health services
What does the private sector deal with
technology
supply chains
What do partnerships deal with
housing
What is the role of national government and planners in regeneration
planning permission
pump priming to start nationally important developments
What is the role of local councils in regeneration
small scale or local regeneration schemes permissive arrangements (eg street performers)
What is the role of developers in regeneration
funding of schemes
What is the role of local businesses in regeneration
lobby councils
invest in schemes
What is the role of local communities in regeneration
form pressure groups
vote for local councils
What were three economic regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
create new jobs and skills
encourage trade
inward investment from tourism
What were three social regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
reduce unemployment
create afforable housing
improve education as new school was built
What were three environmental regeneration targets for the London 2012 olympics
create new green spaces for new habitats
reduce derelict space as Lower Lea valley was cleaned
stadiums built with at least 25% recycled materials
What is a contested space
when making a change to said place affects the meaning that other stakeholders attach to that place
Name a rural regeneration project
The North Antrim Coast, NI
What are the economic reasons for this regeneration
rural diversification - creating 400 jobs, 300 new businesses, 3 percent economic growth by giving £8.5million to support local rural business and creating new business projects
tourism - enhance local amenitites to increase tourism by 10%
What are the social reasons for this regeneration
improvement in basic services and transport - village renewal and tackling low educational attainment to improve quality of life for 5000 villagers and make 10 new projects for children and young adults
What are the environmental reasons for this regenration
replace the ferry and fund projects to restore and conserve historical buildings and rural heritage
Name the six key players in this regeneration
National Trust Moyle District Council Local farmers Translink renewable energy companies local hoteliers and restauranteurs
Name an economic criticism of the giants causeway regeneration
locals complain that tourism will dominate the economy
Name some social criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration
increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness
Name some environmental criticisms of the giants causeway regeneration
new safety equipment would downgrade the quality of the environment and take away from its beauty
tourims and new buses will increase pollution
new tourists may take the site to full capacity and the rocks could be eroded away quicker
What are the 4 categories of countryside
preserved
paternalistic
contested
clientalistic
Explain the preserved countryside
English Lowlands and the Lakes
preservationalist attitudes of middle class inhabitants
want to preserve the area and contest any development plans
Explain the paternalistic countryside
Isle of Jura
areas where the paternal power of old aristocrats and estate owners has gone unchallenged
looking at new ways of income eg deer hunting for tourists
Explain the contested countryside
Yorkshire
on the urban fringe where farmers want to make the most of their land through development but people who are moving out there for the countryside contest this
Explain the clientalistic countryside
Mid Wales
remoteness and poor climate dont attract many people for tourism or to live
people living their rely heavily on grants
Why may places become post production
as technology is taking jobs away from agriculture
What are 5 ways to rural rebrand
celebrate heritage and history eg IronBridge
celebrate natural history eg jurassic coast
traditional crafts and foods in festivals
link to media/tv
farm diversification eg mazes
What does a polysemic rural landscape mean
that it has varied meanings and views for different groups
What are the three viewpoints about rural areas
1 - some places set aside from human use completely
2 - lived in but protected from identity changes
3 - new jobs and homes needed so rural places should change to fit that
What are NIMBY feelings
not in my back yard feelings
Name 6 different point of view you can include
locals farmers/land owners local government investors environmentalists national government
What is a contested space
when making a change to a place affects the meaning other stakeholders attach to it
Define stakeholder
someone who has an interest in an area or issue
What are sovereign wealth funds
global scale ‘piggy banks’ to help build global influence and diversify income sources
Name a sovereign wealth fund
Norway owning 25% of Regent Street
Is there an economic gain to be had from reimaging
no, it is informal
What does rebranding involve
deliberate and fromal economic gain changes such as marketing it as a tourist destination
sheding old or unwanted reputations
What is the aim of regeneration
environmental transformation
What are economic measures of the success of regeneration
increase in local income
increase in employment
improvements in IMD scores
What are social measures of the success of regeneration
demographic change - balanced population structure better and more young people means more jobs being created
life expectancy and access to health improved
educational attainment improved
What are environmental measures of the success of regeneration
reduce brownfield sites
improve air and water quality
What can impact peoples measure of success
changing of image
changing of culture
Name an urban regeneration project
Salford Quays
What are the economic reasons for Salfords regeneration
industrial decline as shipping was taken over by liverpool
deindustrialisation eg Vimto factory closing
docks closed in 1982
house prices fell to £10,000 in the 80’s
What are the social reasons for Salfords regeneration
increasing accessibility may make people think that it is safe whereas the high energy waves and rocks make it very dangerous to life
amount of tourism may ruin neighbourhoodliness
What are the environment reasons for Salfords regeneration
many brownfield sites such as vimto factory and the quays
flood risk for 1,800 properties
hydrogen sulphide issues in docks
Name 4 stakeholders in the Salford regen
local residents - aim to have a better quality of life, promised 15,000 jobs but not delivered
BBC - aim to save money, deliver same service but cheaper due to relocation, makes it more representative for whole country
local businesses - aim to increase economic gain/income, more people
private residential development company - aim to increase profits, house price increase by 50%
Name 5 public sector regeneration projects in Salford
railway lines connected trams to manchester mediacity UK council led clean up of water quality new secondary school
