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A level Geography > Carbon > Flashcards

Carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the other name for the carbon cycle

A

biogeochemical cycle

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2
Q

Define sequestration

A

taking in carbon

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3
Q

What is the main constituent of all living cells

A

carbon

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4
Q

What breaks down carbon

A

bacteria

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5
Q

What are stores of carbon also known as

A

pools, stocks and reservoirs

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6
Q

What are the three stores of carbon

A

terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric

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7
Q

What is there a natural balance between in the carbon cycle

A

production and absorption of carbon

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8
Q

When might the equilibrium be disrupted

A

when a volcano erupts or when natural climate change occurs

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9
Q

Where is terrestrial carbon held

A

within the mantle

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10
Q

How is terrestrial carbon released

A

through out gassing, such as being erupted

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11
Q

What does carbon in the atmosphere combine with to produce

A

rainfall to produce weak acid rain, creating chemical weathering

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12
Q

What two types of carbon are in the carbon cycle

A

biologically derived and geological

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13
Q

What releases CO2 through respiration

A

plants, animals and microbes

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14
Q

What is the largest store of carbon

A

lithosphere

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15
Q

What is the largest flux of carbon

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

Is the carbon cycle a closed or open system

A

closed

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17
Q

Explain the difference between the biological and geological cycles in the carbon cycle

A

bio - faster and sequesters for less time

geo - stays in that store for longer

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18
Q

Name the 5 terrestrial carbon stores in the lithosphere

A 
limestone bedrock/calcium carbonate
coal
shale
coral
himalayas carbon store
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19
Q

How do geological processes release carbon

A

chemical weathering of rock

volcanic outgassing

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20
Q

What are the 3 breakdowns of volcanic outgassing

A

active or passing volcanic zones
geysers
direct emissions

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21
Q

What 2 things are long term geological stores of carbon

A

sedimentary carbonate rocks

biologically derived carbon fossil fuels

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22
Q

What are the 5 phases of chemical weathering

A

atmospheric/acid rain
transportation of calcium ions by rivers from land to ocean
deposition and burial turns calcite sediment into limestone
subduction of sea floor
carbon rises with magma and is ‘degassed’

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23
Q

What is causing carbon to be exposed in the himalayas

A

tectonic uplift

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24
Q

Why is volcanic outgassing relatively insignificant

A

as it only emits 0.15Gt annually whereas humans emit 35Gt

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25
Q

What do volcanoes create in the carbon cycle

A

a negative feedback loop

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26
Q

Why do volcanoes create a negative feedback loop

A

as more carbon released from the ground or rocks into the atmosphere means more carbon is deposited after

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27
Q

What is it important to make clear

A

that most of the carbon cycle takes place very slowly

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28
Q

What happens in marine sequestration

A

sea animals use the carbon to make calcium carbonate to create shells, these collect, but then are weathered and release co2

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29
Q

What happens in terrestrial sequestration

A

respiration and combustion
photosynthesis
decomposing

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30
Q

What is the biological carbon pump

A

the ocean is a major sink
cold water can take up more carbon than hot
thermohaline circulation occurs
shorter timescale

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31
Q

What takes in co2 in the ocean

A

phytoplankton
marine animals
bacteria

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32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the biological carbon pump

A

biological pump
carbonate pump
physical pump

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33
Q

Explain the biological pump

A

role of phytoplankton and consumer organisms and their decomposition, which is faster than on land due to lack of woody plant structures

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34
Q

Explain the carbonate pump

A

role of calcium carbonate shells, which forms limestone at the bottom of the ocean

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35
Q

Explain the physical pump

A

thermahaline/circulation and currents of carbon
large spacial differences in co2 as it is mixed slower than the atmosphere
co2 taken up more in the polar regions as its colder
warmer tropic oceans release co2

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36
Q

How do seasons affect the terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles

A

daylight for photosynthesis changes
respiration stays constant but may slow down in winter
more co2 in winter as less leaves on trees

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37
Q

What is re-radiated back to earth

A

long wave radiation from the sun

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38
Q

What is happening due to melting artic sea ice

A

more of the ocean is exposed to sunlight meaning more photosynthesis growth of phytoplankton causing algal blooms in artic waters

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39
Q

Are artic blooms beneficial?

A

yes as they absorb more CO2

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40
Q

What can an enhanced greenhouse effect cause

A

shorter winters due to rising temperatures

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41
Q

Are shorter winters beneficial to the carbon cycle

A

yes as it means deciduous plants and trees stay in season longer, meaning there is more plants to perform photosynthesis

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42
Q

What is the natural greenhouse effect

A

when greenhouse gases absorb and reflect some of the radiated heat from the earth, making the earth warm enough to sustain life

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43
Q

What is the most common greenhouse gas

A

co2 89%

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44
Q

What is an issue with CO2

A

it has the highest radiative forcing affect which means it holds heat for the longest time

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45
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

more greenhouse gases buikding up and therefore trapping more heat than we need, causing global temperatures to rise

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46
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect likely to affect

A

temps and precipitation

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47
Q

What is the permafrost carbon cycle

A

The Permafrost Carbon Cycle deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, and then back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation as a result of cryogenic processes

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48
Q

What is consumption per capita often related to

A

level of development

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49
Q

What do many countries rely on to maintain energy security

A

a mix of energy

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50
Q

By relying on a mix of energy what are countries able yo control

A

issues such as cost and lack of supply of one energy tpe

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51
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting energy security

A

physical factors such as exhaustion and disruption of supply
environmental
economic
geopolitical

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52
Q

What is primary energy

A

raw resources such as coal

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53
Q

What is secondary energy

A

user friendly energy such as electricity

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54
Q

Explain how cost can affect our access to energy

A

energy sources such as geothermal may to be too expesnive to access and use
cost of delivery and infrastructure to deliver the energy needs to be considered
processing from primary into secondary cost

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55
Q

Explain how physical availability can affect our access to energy

A

consider whether they are readily available or have to be imported

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56
Q

Explain how technology can affect our access to energy

A

more technology in a country means better chances of tapping into complex sources yet also means we use more and therefore are more energy thirsty

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57
Q

Explain how economic development can affect our access to energy

A

the higher the standard of living the less sensitive the population are to energy costs
some countries may see something as expensive whereas another may see it as acceptable

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58
Q

Explain how climate can affect our access to energy

A

the more extreme the climate is, the more energy needed to counteract it

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59
Q

Explain how public perception can affect our access to energy

A

depends on level of economic development and standard of living
higher the incomes the more they are willing to pay for energy

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60
Q

Explain how environmental priorities can affect our access to energy

A

depending on carbon emission goals
protests from the population
consider whether the country can afford to provide ‘green energy’

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61
Q

Explain the factor physical availability of between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK - in the past have always been reliant on coal, became leaders in nuclear energy
Norway - mountainous so HEP used mostly

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62
Q

Explain the factor cost of between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK - North Sea oil reserves expensive to extract and depleting so having to import more
Norway - 600 HEP sites but transfer to rural areas is expensive

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63
Q

Explain the factor of technology between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK - new technology only helps ‘clean coal’ with less emission
Deepwater drilling technology let both UK and Norway access North sea oil and gas

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64
Q

Explain the factor of political considerations between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK - concerns on reliance on imported energy and public concern for fracking
Norway - politicallly sound structure which stops privatisation

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65
Q

Explain the factor of level of economic development between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK have a slightly lower GDP but half consumption and cost per household of Norway

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66
Q

Explain the factor of environmental priorities between the UK and Norway’s energy mix

A

UK - commited to 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emission by 2030, abandoned ‘green deal’ conservation in 2015
Norway - same as UK in 40% reduction, but also have a domestic ytarget of being carbon neutral by 2050

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67
Q

Name a TNC energy security player

A

Gazprom (Russia)

68
Q

What is the role of Gazprom

A

explore, exploit and distribute energy resources

they respond to market conditions to secure profits for their shareholders

69
Q

How many millions of barrels of oil does Gazprom send out each day

A

8.3

70
Q

What is OPEC

A

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-exporting developing nations

71
Q

What does OPEC aim to do

A

Protect the interests of member countries​
Stabilise oil prices​
Ensure efficient , economic and regular supply of oil

72
Q

Why is OPEC such a powerful player

A

It has around 78% of the world’s oil reserves​
It produces around 45% of the world’s crude oil and 15% of natural gas​
It has the power to significantly affect oil prices by increasing or decreasing production

73
Q

What is the role of national governments in energy

A

to meety international obligations , whilst securing energy supplies for the present and future
also regulating role of private companies and evironmental priorities

74
Q

What is the role of consumers in energy

A

we create demand through our purchasing choices
have some control over oil companies if we choose electric cars or solar panels instead of their oil
we can protest against things such as fracking

75
Q

Name the largest energy company

A

Saudi Aramco

76
Q

What is an energy pathway

A

the flow of energy between a producer and consumer

77
Q

What are the two types of pathways

A

bilateral (between 2 countries) and multilateral (between many countries)

78
Q

What do some countries do when building pathways

A

avoid certain transit states if they have past disagreements to make them more secure

79
Q

Name 2 major pathways

A

Nord Stream - Russia to Europe through Baltic Sea

Yamal-Europe pipeline - Russia through Belarus and Poland to Germany

80
Q

What is a chokepoint

A

a narrow sea channel or convergence point where key transport routes can be easily disrupted

81
Q

How many major chokepoints are there

A

8

82
Q

Which chokepoint does 20% of the worlds oil pass through

A

Strait of Hormuz

83
Q

What happens if chokepoints are blocked or threatened even temporarily

A

energy prices can quickly rise

84
Q

What does disruption to energy pathways come from

A

militant action (including piracy), natural hazards and political conflict

85
Q

Name an oil piracy attack

A

between 2009-15, there were 500 attacks of taking oil ships hostage along the Strait of Malacca

86
Q

Which country is estimated to be the worlds largest energy importer by 2035

A

China

87
Q

Define peak oil

A

the time when the maximum rate of petroleum production is reached, after which it will decline sharply​

88
Q

Name 4 types of unconventional resources

A

deep water oil
tar sands
shale gas
oil shale

89
Q

Explain deep water oil

A

companies are looking into deeper ocean waters such as the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil’s off-shore reserves. This is more risky and expensive

90
Q

Explain tar sands

A

bituminous sands or extra heavy oil. These are mixtures of sand, clay, water and bitumen. Canada holds 73% of global stocks

91
Q

Explain shale gas

A

methane or natural gas which is held in underground sandstone and shale

92
Q

Explain oil shale

A 
deposits of ​
kerogen in sedimentary ​
rocks that haven’t yet ​
become oil. The USA has ​
77% of global reserves
93
Q

Which provence is Canasa’s tar sand mostly in

A

Alberta

94
Q

How are tar sands extracted in Canada

A

opencast mining or pumped out using steam

95
Q

Who are the 4 key players in Canada’s tar sands trade

A

governments, oil companies, environmental pressure groups, local communities

96
Q

What role do the key players play in Canada’s tar sands trade

A

government - believe it is good to use to increase energy security
oil companies - believe it brings positive economic impacts to Canada
EPG - believe it is ruining indigenous territories, wetlands and forests
local communities - experience costs and benefits

97
Q

What are the costs and benefits that the local communities experience

A

benefits -
new jobs and more trade
costs -
pollution in rivers leading to rare cancers
disruption to tribes
gambling and crime have risen
housing crisis as thousands of workers have been shipped in

98
Q

What are the overall benefits of extracting tar sands

A

provides alternate source of oil
offers energy security for canada and usa
by 2030 could meat 16% of north america’s oil needs
can be used as a fuel stop gap to allow more time for renewables to be found
environmental protection in place

99
Q

What are the overall costs of extracting tar sands

A

a lot more expensive to extract so only useful when oil prices are high
very energy intensive, takes 1 barrel of normal oil to get 3 barrels of this
uses a lot of water
produces lots of waste through the left over products
adds to greenhouse gas emissions
470km squared of forest has to be removed

100
Q

What are the consequences for Canada’s environment

A

loss of ecosystems and habitats
reduced resilience of native Taiga environment
extraction creats oil heaps
waster material ponds are created which are highly toxic
caribou populations have declined rapidly, expected to be extinct before 2040

101
Q

Explain Brazil’s energy mix

A

dominated by oil 48% and HEP 35%
cleanest in the world nearly 50% renewable
oil is from sugarcane
drawback - HEP far away from demand centre and energy can be lost through transmission

102
Q

Explain France’s energy mix

A

lack of fossil fuels, have to import
lots of nuclear energy
moving towards renewables HEP

103
Q

Explain China’s energy mix

A

67% coal
small number of nuclear and renewables
security risk in terms of energy mix

104
Q

Why is there an increased demand for food and fuel

A

increased population
increased economic growth in NIC’s
improved living standards

105
Q

Where is afforestation mainly happening

A

developed areas

106
Q

What is changes in forest cover causing

A

a negative impact terrestrial carbon stores, soil health and the water cycle

107
Q

What are the four types of services that ecosystems can provide

A

supporting services, provisioning services, regulating services and cultural services

108
Q

Explain supporting services

A

keeing ecosystems healthy eg soil formation

109
Q

Explain provisioning services

A

products obtained from the ecosystem eg food and medicine

110
Q

Explain regulating services

A

regulating air quality and pollination

111
Q

Explain cultural services

A

recreation and education

112
Q

What are the 4 impacts of deforestation on the carbon and water cycle

A

on the biosphere - species diversity is reduced
on the atmosphere - less co2 being taken in and more being produced through burning
on the water cycle - infiltration decreased and run off increased
on soil health - raindrop impact takes away humus and clay so only heavier sands are left behind

113
Q

What are the 4 impacts of ocean acidification on the carbon and water cycle

A

on the biosphere - reefs dissolve as they cannot absorb the alkaline they need
on the atmosphere -
on the water cycle -
on soil health -

114
Q

What are the 4 impacts of increasing drought on the carbon and water cycle

A

on the biosphere - less resistant species will die out
on the atmosphere - trees die which releases co2 through decomposition and they cant take in the co2 anymore
on the water cycle - rising sea levels causing more frequent floods
on soil health - soil will become too dry and eroded faster/not be useful for farming

115
Q

What are the 4 impacts of converting grasslands to farmland on the carbon and water cycle

A

on the biosphere - natural habitats are reduced
on the atmosphere - removal of grass releases co2 and annual ploughing makes bacteria release co2
on the water cycle - aquifers significantly impacted for need for irrigation
on soil health - cultivated soils liable to erosion by runoff and wind

116
Q

Name a case study for deforestation

A

Madagascar
deforestation occuring due to demand for tropical hardwood and so farmers can grow cash crops to earn foreign currency to pay off country’s debts

117
Q

Name a case study for converting grasslands to farmland

A

American Midwest
‘biofuel rush’
farmers encouraged to grow biofuel under a new policy
lost 5.5 million hectares of grasslands

118
Q

Define critical threshold

A

the level at which there is a sudden or very rapid change, usually negative

119
Q

Define coral bleaching

A

a process whereby the coral colonies lose their colour due to expelling algae that live inside their tissues

120
Q

Define Ocean acidification

A

a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere

121
Q

Define Tipping Point

A

when a system changes from one state to another, irretrievably

122
Q

What does Kuznet’s curve show

A

shows the relationship between income per capita and environmental damage

123
Q

How many people depend on forests

A

1.6 million

124
Q

What are the reasons for forest loss

A

palm oil is needed for food, cosmetics and fuel and tropics environment is perfect growing conditions
forests bulldozed to make space for palm oil plantations

125
Q

What are the impacts of forest loss

A

indigneous tribes driven away
loss of biodiversity and habitat endangers species such as the orangutan
releases lots of co2 and takes away trees which take in co2

126
Q

What are some solutions for protecting forest stores

A

Indonesia’s forest moratorium, funding from UN
stopped the issuing of permits to clear primary forest areas
co2 emissions reduced by 26% in 9 years

127
Q

Name a case study for afforestation

A

China
aiming to increase forested areas by 23% between 2015-2020
aiming for poverty alleviation, stopping of flooding and restore areas

128
Q

Name a case study for deforestation

A

Indonesia
highest rate of deforestation in the world
production of paper, palm oil and pulp
illegal logging big contributer 73%

129
Q

Define human wellbeing

A

the state of feeling happy, healthy, comfortable and secure

130
Q

Describe 3 possible changes to evaporation rates

A

as temps increase, more evaporation will occur
more water to evaporate as there will be less snow and ice in polar regions, up to 20% more evaporation
Australia experiences less evaporation and more aridity, increases extremes

131
Q

Describe 3 possible changes to runoff rates

A

more runoff in polar regions as precipitation falls as rain and not snow
reduces risk of drought in some areas of northern africa
increased soil erosion and environmental degradation, farming and well-being affected

132
Q

Name the changes to the Yukon due to climate change

A

winter precipitation increased from 1950-98, with less falling as snow
since 2000 inflows have increased by 39%
total ice has shrunk 22%
thawing of permafrost, increasing groundwater and decreasing surface run off
snowmelt beginning earlier

133
Q

What is the Arctic for carbon

A

a net sink

134
Q

What in the Arctic is vulnerable to global warming

A

lots of ice/albedo
permafrost
ocean currents and circulation

135
Q

Why are warmer temps dangerous for the Arctic

A

new species introduced

water cycle impacted

136
Q

Why do warmer seas impact ocean health

A

limit abilities to harvest marine resources through fishing

137
Q

How can climate change affect coastal communities who depend on fishing

A

marine food web change as species move closer to poles to compensate for warming environment
fish is a vital food source for countries such as Gambia
only developed countries with large fishing fleets can afford to move with the migrating fish

138
Q

How can climate change affect coastal communities who depend on tourism and coastal protection

A

more extreme events likely to occur on coastal areas impacting locals and tourism and economy
coral reefs are getting bleached by warmer waters which will impact tourism
mangroves and corals act as sea protections

139
Q

Explain the 2000-2012 greenhouse gas emission rates for Asia

A

increases at a fast rate constantly

140
Q

Explain the 2000-2012 greenhouse gas emission rates for Europe and USA

A

consistently at 6000 millions of tonnes but dip during financial crisis 2008

141
Q

Explain the 2000-2012 greenhouse gas emission rates for Africa, Oceania, Caribbean and Canada

A

all below 2000 but caribbean rising slightly due to economic development

142
Q

Name the physical factors that makes future climate change uncertain

A

oceans and forests

143
Q

Name the human factors that makes future climate change uncertain

A 
economic growth (Kuznets curve)
energu sources/renewables
population change
144
Q

What are two types of land that are positive feedback loops which are being ruined by climate change

A

peatlands and permafrost

145
Q

Name two tipping points in climate change

A

forest die back - level of die back may reach the point where it stops yhe recycling of moisture in the forest
changes to the thermohaline circulation - ice sheets melt and waters get warmer slowing down the whole process

146
Q

What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation strageries

A

adaptation - adapting to live with the changes

mitigation - trying to reduce emissions or carbon levels

147
Q

What is carbon capture storage and its pros/cons

A

mitigation strategy where we capture carbon waste from plants and storing it where it wont enter the atmosphere
eg Iceland dissolving it into water stores from geothermal plants
pro - successful at reducing emissions
con - complex industrial process that needs lots of energy

148
Q

What is land use planning and its pros/cons

A

adaptation
thinking about where to build due to changing climate
pro - soft management
con - abandoning some areas is often unfeasible

149
Q

What is afforestation and its pros/cons

A

mitigation stratergy where trees are planted to increase carbon sink
pro - easy to do, not complicated
con - costs a lot and needs lots of workers

150
Q

What is solar radiation management and its pros/cons

A

adaptation
mirrors in space and reflecting sun back
pro - cool earth within months
con - untried and untested

151
Q

What is carbon taxation and its pros/cons

A

mitigation
reduces use of carbon as carbon is taxed
pro - puts many off emitting/makes companies rethink
con - hard to impliment for everyone/needs strong governance

152
Q

What is water conservation and management and its pros/cons

A 
adaptation
changing policies to fit todays climate
eg South Africa
pro - less resources needed
con - conservation cannot match increasing demands
153
Q

What are resilient agricultural systems and its pros/cons

A

adaptation
changing farming practices according to the climate
pro - better crop yield
con - more expensive technology needed

154
Q

What is renewable switching and its pros/cons

A

mitigation
switching from non renewables to renewables
pro - more sustainable
con - some countries may find it hard to meet demands/expensive

155
Q

What is energy efficiency and its pros/cons

A

mitigation
encouraging home owners to make thier homes more carbon friendly
pro - can make big difference is many households did it
con - hard for people to change habits in their home, hard to enforce

156
Q

What two types of climate change adaptation are there

A 
hard strategies (eg technology)
and soft strategies (eg legislations)
157
Q

What are government attitudes towards climate change adaptation

A

different levels of development affect attitudes

want to be seen to be doing the right thing but worry that agreements may impact industry and therefore the economy

158
Q

What are TNC’s attitudes towards climate change adaptation

A

agreements will increase their manufacturing costs and therefore hinder profit but there are benefits to promiting a green product

159
Q

What are people’s attitudes towards climate change adaptation

A

people will be more worried about climate change if it will directly impact them such as low lying areas

160
Q

Explain the 2015 Paris climate change agreement

A

195 countries promised to reduce their carbon emissions to nearly 0 by 2065 and will monitor and submit their progress every 5 years
the richer nations pledged $100 billion to poorer countries to help them adapt to the change

161
Q

What is the overall aim of the paris agreement

A

limit temp increase to 1.5 degrees above pre industrial levels

162
Q

What are some issues with the Paris agreement

A

there is little to force countries to meet the targets
pressure from within a countries (bottom up approach) may be the only way to make a government act
reporting of progres may be inaccurate

163
Q

What was the first major international effort to reduce climate change in the long and short term

A

1997 Kyoto Protocol

164
Q

What was the aim of this protocol

A

reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% by 2012

165
Q

Name 2 successes of the protocol

A

it was a building block to start caring about climate change

by 2012 it was down 22.6%, however went up to plus 65% due to china and india

166
Q

Name 3 failures of the protocol

A

slow ratification as Russia struggled and Canada pulled out fearing economic impacts
only industrialised countries were asked to sign and not developing, and the top emitters were left out (USA and China)
had rules that were critisised for allowing polluters to pollute such as creating carbon sinks and buying emission credits off other countries

A level Geography (8 decks)

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