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A level Geography > Coastal Landscapes And Change > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes And Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

The coastal zone in which sediment are moved around

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2
Q

Where is the littoral zone

A

From the highest sea level line to shallow off-shore water

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3
Q

What are the 4 sub zones

A

Backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore

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4
Q

Name the three other zones

A

Breaker zone, surf zone, swash zone

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5
Q

What is lithology

A

The physical properties of a rock

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6
Q

What is sub-aerial weathering

A

Breaking down of a rock in situ

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7
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium

A

The littoral zone with inputs outputs and processes

Where a natural system tries to achieve a balance by making constant changes in response to influences within the system

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8
Q

Name the three different coastlines

A

Rocky cliff

Coastal plains: sandy and estuarine

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9
Q

What will determine the landscape of the coast

A

The amount of energy will determine whether it is retreating or advancing

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10
Q

What is energy provided by

A

Waves, but also weather, rivers and large and small scale sea currents

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11
Q

How are concordant and discordant coastlines created

A

When you have areas of differing rock types of varying resistance to erosion

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12
Q

What are the factors

A

How consolidated the material is, the number of joints and folds

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13
Q

Where is wave energy concentrated

A

At headlands and reduced around bays as as the water depth decreases so does wave energy

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14
Q

Name some landforms and examples low energy coastlines

A

Spits, salt marshes, beaches and the east Anglian coast

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15
Q

Name some landforms and examples of a high energy coastline

A

Cliffs, arches, caves and Atlantic coasts of Norway and Scotland

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16
Q

Where are the different rock types found around the uk

A

Igneous - dotted around, mainly around the coast
Sedimentary - north, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Metamorphic - east of the Tees-Exe line

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17
Q

The steeper then bedding plane the what?

A

Gentler the slope

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18
Q

What has unconsolidated sediment not undergone

A

Lithification

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19
Q

What is pore water pressure

A

The pressure water experiences at a particular point below the water table

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20
Q

Explain the three different types of lithology

A

Non porous and non permeable
Porous and permeable
Porous and non permeable

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21
Q

Explain each rock types and it’s erosion rate

A

Sedimentary - moderate to fast due to being classic and having many bedding planes
Metamorphic - slow due to pressure they have in faults and crystalline
Igneous - very slow due to interlocking crystals

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22
Q

Name the three types of sub aerial weathering

A

Chemical, mechanical and differential

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23
Q

Name the 4 types of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis - chemical reaction of rock and water
Carbonation - reaction between water and CO2
Hydration - minerals in the rock absorb water and swell
Oxidation - when minerals react with oxygen

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24
Q

Name the 2 types of mechanical weathering

A

Frost shattering
Salt crystallisation - saline water evaporating, leaving behind sodium and magnesium in joints and cracks which grow and exert pressure on the rock

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25
Q

Explain differential erosion

A

Coastal recession rates can be determined by comparing historical maps with new ones, or using LiDAR
It is the selective erosion of areas of weakness

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26
Q

What is plant succession

A

A progressive change in the dominant plant community over time

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27
Q

What are pioneering plants

A

A specialised plant which is the first plant to grow in its environment

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28
Q

What’s a halosere

A

A salt marsh environment with salty and damp conditions

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29
Q

What’s a halophytic

A

A plant which is highly salt tolerant

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30
Q

What is brackish

A

Slightly salty water

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31
Q

What is flora

A

Plants

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32
Q

What is fauna

A

Animals

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33
Q

What is humus

A

Organic component of soil formed of decomposed materials

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34
Q

What does a salt marsh need

A

Little wave action
Shelter from exposure
Low energy

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35
Q

Name and explain the three processes in salt marsh making

A

Sedimentation is when fine particles fall out of suspension
Accretion is when these particles build up
Flocculation is when negatively charged sea particles are neutralised by sea water as they are no longer repelling each otherother

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36
Q

What is the first stage of salt marshes

A

Microscopic algal growth where algae eg gut weed and sea lettuce grow on stones in the mud and trap particles

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37
Q

Stage 2

A

Mud experiences longer periods of emersion due to being built up and it reaches low mean tide height. Emersed 2-3 days of the year

38
Q

Stage 3

A

Plants need these 2-3 days to germinate and extend its radicle eg glasswort

39
Q

Stage 4

A

As these initial plants trap sediment and die, adding humus to the mud, less salt tolerant plants start to colonise the upper parts eg salt grass

40
Q

Stage 5

A

Eventually upper parts are raised above regular submersion and will grow further. Even more complex plants will colonise the area until the climax community trees eg ash is reached with a fully developed creek system. This is known as vegetation succession

41
Q

How are sand dunes formed

A

Formed by sand that has been deposited by constructive waves and blown in by the wind

42
Q

What does xerophytic mean

A

Survive with very little water eg marram grass

43
Q

What’s an embryo dune

A

First developed
Stabilisation occurs via marram grass which acts as a trap for sand
Conditions are very dry and plants adapt with long roots

44
Q

What’s a yellow dune

A

Heights can reach 5m

Plants include sand sedge

45
Q

What are fixed grey dunes

A

Limited growth due to distance from beach

More stable with plants like heather

46
Q

What are dune slacks

A

Depressions between dune ridges which are damp in summer and water filled in winter
Species include water mint

47
Q

What are blow outs

A

Evidence of human use, large holes in dunes

48
Q

What is a psammosere

A

Succession of growth in plants in sandy conditions

49
Q

What is a halosere

A

Succession of growth in plants in saline conditions

50
Q

What type of breakers do constructive waves have

A

Spilling breakers

51
Q

What type of breakers do destructive waves have

A

Plunging breakers

52
Q

What is the frequency of each type

A

C - 6-8 per min

D - 13-15 per min

53
Q

Name the four types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Corrosion
Abrasion
Attrition

54
Q

What is corrosion

A

Sea water and salt spray may react with rock minerals that dissolved the minerals

55
Q

What is a sediment cell

A

A stretch of a coastline which is usually bordered but two prominent headlands
Not a closed system

56
Q

How many sediment cells are there on the uk

A

11

57
Q

What is eustatic change

A

The level of water in the ocean which creates sea level

58
Q

What is isostatic change

A

The level of the land relative to the sea levellever

59
Q

What is isostatic subsidence

A

The land stinks due to the weight of overlaying iceice

60
Q

What is isostatic recovery

A

The land rises as the weight of the land is reduced and the land becomes more buoyant

61
Q

Which is the fastest change

A

Eustatic

62
Q

What is causing the uk to tilt

A

Isostatic recovery

63
Q

What is thermal expansion

A

The tendency of matter to change shape, area and volume in response to a change in temp

64
Q

Name four features of rising sea levels

A

Rias, fjords, fjards and a Dalmatian coastline

65
Q

What are rias

A

Drowned river valleys

66
Q

What are fjords

A

Flooded u shaped valleys

67
Q

What are fjards

A

Glaciated lowland areas that have been flooded

68
Q

What is a Dalmatian coastline

A

Where valleys lied parallel to each other and are now flooded which creates a series of offshore islands

69
Q

Give three features of falling sea levels

A

Raised beaches, relic cliffs, slope over wall cliffs

70
Q

What is slope over wall cliffs

A

Soft rock on top of hard rock and erosion until an angle of rest is achieved

71
Q

What does the IPCC predict for the future

A

Sea level rise by 55cm by 2100 and delta flooding risk increased by 50%

72
Q

What can be done about climate change

A

Adaption- making changes to lessen the impact

Mitigation- making efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases

73
Q

Define hard engineering

A

Controlling natural processes with artificially built structures

74
Q

Define soft engineering

A

Uses ecological principles and practices to work with the natural processes to achieve stabilisation of the shoreline

75
Q

What three things does sustainability need to meet

A

Environmentally economically and socially

76
Q

What does SCM stand for

A

sustainable coastal management

77
Q

What does ICZM stand for

A

integrated coastal zone management

78
Q

What do ICZM’s aim to bring together

A

economic decision makers and different government levels eg council and MP

79
Q

What do ICZM’s aim to conserve

A

coastal ecosystems to ensure the ability of future generations to use the coast

80
Q

What do ICZM’s emphasise

A

cooperation between stakeholders (anyone who has an interest)

81
Q

Why is it a dynamic process

A

due to changing demands

82
Q

Where are they used

A

across the world

83
Q

What does SMP stand for

A

shoreline management policies

84
Q

What are they based on

A

sediment cells

85
Q

Why was SMP 1 criticized

A

for not listening to local people

86
Q

How long are they meant to last for

A

100 years

87
Q

What are the policies judged on

A

What is appropriate for the country

88
Q

Name another mechanical weathering process

A

wetting and drying

89
Q

What are the four options for SMP’s

A

hold the line
advance the line
managed retreat
no active intervention

90
Q

In order to decide where to protect on coasts such as the Holderness Coast, what is used

A

cost-benefit analysis and an environmental impact assessment

A level Geography (8 decks)

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