Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level Geography > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Who are the top 6 superpowers

A 
China 
Russia 
Brazil 
EU 
USA 
India
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of superpowers

A 
Physical size and geographical locations 
Military 
Demographics  
Economic power 
Access to natural resources 
Cultural influences 
Political factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define a superpower

A

a nation with the ability to project its influence anywhere in the world and be a dominant global force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define a hyperpower

A

unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all the characteristics of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a hyperpower

A

USA 1990-2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define emerging superpower

A

nations whose economic, military and political influence is already large and is growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define geopolitics

A

the geographical expression of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What two forms does power come in

A

soft and hard power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain soft power

A

power that arises from culture, political values and foreign policies
Aka power of persuasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain hard power

A

military power, getting your own way by force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some features of a superpowers economic power

A

High GDP
Home to many TNC’s
Currency is not volatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some features of a superpowers political power

A

Seat on UN security council

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some features of a superpowers military power

A

nuclear weapons
Large amount of personnel
well trained
high expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some features of a superpowers demographic

A

skilled
educated
Large economically active population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some features of a superpowers access to resources

A

Control and security over resources

Large amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define hegemony

A

A country or state that is dominant over others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name some features of hard power

A

Military force or its threat

Economic sanctions and diplomatic actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name some features of soft power

A

Political influence
Moral authority
Cultural attractiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three areas in Mackinders theory (1904)

A

World island
offshore islands
outlying islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain world island

A

Europe, Asia, Africa
Largest, most wealthy
Heart land at centre aka pivot area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain offshore islands

A

British Isles and Japan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain outlying islands

A

North and south America, Australia, NZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did MacKinder argue in his theory

A

that further away from heart land, the less influence you had
If controlled heart land, you controlled world island and therefore rest of the world too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where did MacKinder believe 50% of resources were

A

pivot area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to this theory, who should be the global power and why?

A

Russia due to positioning and resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is Russia not a global power

A

resources trapped as they are frozen

Many borders so stealing and exploitation may be common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does MacKinder also believe

A

that the heart land could shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What has helped the shift of the heart land

A

transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explain the Colonial power era of the British Empire at the start of 20th century

A

Military – double navy of next competitor
Demographics – 20% of worlds [population
Size – 25% of land area
Political power – control over lots of countries
Can be seen as ‘unipolar’ - world dominated by one superpower
In theory world should be stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why was the British empre not unipolar

A

as Spain and France has powerful empires too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What lead to the development of the Colonial power era

A

due to the widely held view that colonising was correct as politically it gave land power and economically it gave access to large amounts of raw materials and provided a market for European manufactured goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How was power held in the Colonial power era

A

through suppressing the natives through the use of racist language and brutal force over occasional rebellions, also through direct rule as the Queen was appointed as the Queen of these colonialised countries also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What did colonialists argue to supress natives

A

that they brough stability and trade to keep the natives from disobeying their rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who are the MINTs

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why are the MINTS emerging

A

through global economic and environmental governance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why will the EU and Japan’s economies only grow slowly, if growing at all, in the future

A

due to their aging populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are we moving towards

A

a multipolar world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why will China and Brazil grow economically even though they have aging populations

A

as they have manufacturing-based economies which will grow with consumerism, and they have a growing middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Superpowers are likely to grow from which two groups of countries

A

BRICS and G20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When did the BRICs join

A

2009

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When did G20 start

A

1999

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the aim of G20

A

reform the world bank and examine ways in which to tackle demographic issues such as an aging population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which countries are expected to emerge greatly

A

Nigeria, India and Indonesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Explain Rostow’s modernisation theory

A

this model suggests that countries go through a predetermined set of 5 stage before becoming a fully developed nation
he believs development requires substantial investment in capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Who used the modernisation theory to develop capital

A

USA in 1991 after the collapse of USSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are some limitations of the modernisation theory

A

only describes the process of economic change and growth, it does not help us understand how countries gain political and cultural power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Explain Frank’s Dependency theory

A

how peripheral countries/areas are dependant on the core
believed that TNC investment in developing countries led to exploitation of skilled labour and cheap raw materials as well as creating international debt
and the poorer countries do not have the resources or institutions to resistthe exploitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What has the periphery issue stemmed from

A

colonialism

49
Q

What is an issue with Frank’s Dependency theory

A

it doesn’t suggest there can be a middle group such as the NIC’s who have broken away from exploitation

50
Q

Explain Wallerstein’s world systems theory

A

a theory that looks at development within a global economic context instead of individual countries
core/semi-periphery/periphery
believes global depressions follow major changes in production every 50 years

51
Q

What is a benefit of Wallerstein’s world systems theory

A

it has flexibility to recognise that countries may change groups over time

52
Q

What is an issue with Wallerstein’s world systems theory

A

it ignores the fact that China and India were economic leaders in the 1800

53
Q

middles classes are expected to rise from what to what by 2030

A

2 million to 3 million

54
Q

What will happen in china by 2030

A

1 billion cars on the road
2/3 of 2015 cereal production consumed
80% of 2015 meat
80% of 2015 coal consumption

55
Q

Which group has the largest growing middle class

A

BRICs

56
Q

What are two implications of a growing middle class

A

increased pressure on food production as taks more area to hold livestock than crops
more flights afforded = more co2 emissions and fuel needed

57
Q

What is a sphere of influence

A

a group of countries linked together by the same cultural or politcal values

58
Q

Define global commons

A

any area beyond national jurisdication, potentially contested space eg Antarctica, Oceans, Atmosphere

59
Q

Define territorial waters

A

zones of the sea over which a nation has jurisdiction which extend beyond the coastline
upheld by UNCLOS

60
Q

What areas does UNCLOS regulate

A 
immediate coastal zones
territorial waters
contiguous zone
EEZ (exclusive economic zone) prone to disputes
continental shelf
61
Q

What can spheres of influence lead to

A

tensions over territory claims and resources

62
Q

Why does China want to expand their territory

A

for resources

63
Q

Why does Russia want to expand their territory

A

for power in size

64
Q

Why is there tensions in the south and east china sea

A

china has a large continental shelf yet other countries such as Brunei and the Phillippines have EEZ claims in the same area

65
Q

What has china done to fight this

A

placed military presence on tiny deserted islands and building ports and airports on them
also artifically building new islands (Spratly Islands)

66
Q

Name 4 unfair relationships between superpowers and developing countries

A

Unfair terms in trade/exploitation
TNC’s
Neo colonialism
Brain drain

67
Q

What form do these unfair relationships take

A

between wealthy corrupt elites

68
Q

Why has China began to make relationships between african nations

A

to get resources

69
Q

What did China do in Africa to aid themselves

A

invested FDI in infrastructure such as roads and railways

70
Q

What was China’s African policy

A

An official Chinese government paper aimed at promoting economic and political cooperation as well as energy development without interfering with each other’s internal affairs

71
Q

Why did China pursue that policy

A

China taken advantage of the fact that Africa does not seem to have been a diplomatic and economic priority with any other country/superpower

72
Q

What was China’s second wave

A

Based on international trade and on securing considerable quantities of a wide array of raw materials to feed its growing industry and population

73
Q

What was the second waves impact on Africa and the world

A

Impacted other countries as China was responsible for 40% of the increase in global oil demand
Impacted Africa as it was a major factor in their recent economic growth

74
Q

Why is this policy an example of neo-colonialism

A

people see China supporting countries such as Zimbabwe as allowing brutal dictatorships

75
Q

Why is this policy seen as South South development

A

Chinese people believe it is this as they have a fair cost/benefit relationship and are going to be the reason for africas economic growth

76
Q

How has China impacted Africa’s commodity exports

A

Grown at a far faster rate than exports in general

China rely on Africa as they can no longer meet their own demands

77
Q

How have Chinese TNCs impacted Africa

A

Mining TNC’s are worried China are freezing them out as they are making many deals with African countries

78
Q

How has technology transfer affected economic development

A

Africa is behind in technology, but believes China has a good view towards technology transfer
Vital if Africa are to increase their share in global trade

79
Q

How effective has Chinese aid been

A

Very effective yet strings attached, such as expectations of being awarded access to materials

80
Q

Where is the global centre of economic activity predicted to be in the future

A

further towards india and china, asian countries

81
Q

Why is it expected to move towards asian countries

A

as they have many emerging and superpower potenial countires with large populations and increasing GDP’s

82
Q

What are the likely impacts of this change

A

Asia will become very economically and politically crowded, which may result in tensions
as they will all have large economies it is expected that they will also have a very large military prescence

83
Q

What are the 4 economic challenges to superpowers

A

debt
unemployment
economic restructuring
social costs

84
Q

Why is unemployment a challenge to the EU and USA

A

the unemployed are young, unqualified and unskilled
the ‘lost generation’
eg Sheffield and Pittburgh
rust belt vs sun belt - not equally spread

85
Q

Why is economic restructuring a challenge to the EU and USA

A

restructuring causes unemployment/deindustrialisation and destroys communities such as mining communities
US less suseptible as $ is more stable
global shift occuring

86
Q

What did debt lead to

A

the financial crisis 2007

87
Q

What was suggested to combat financial crisis

A

austerity - cutting gov spending
increasing taxes
both decrease rate of economic growth

88
Q

Why is a debt a threat to the EU

A

UK allowing TNC’s to come in and regenrate areas for us as we cant afford it but taking power with it

89
Q

Why are social costs a challenge to the EU

A

creates refugees which puts pressure on resoures and can create conflict
the ‘glasgow effect’ - poor living conditions, education and life expectancy

90
Q

What are the pros and cons of air power

A

cons - have to build bombers so that they can be upgraded with advancing technology but this is hard to anticipate
pros - able to destroy precise targets in hostile environments

91
Q

What must superpowers balance

A

austerity and spending on hard power

92
Q

Which superpower spends the most on military

A

USA

93
Q

Is military spending increasing or decreasing in the EU

A

decreasing

94
Q

What are the pros and cons of navy

A

pros - allows you to project hard power across islands and access resources
cons - 6 billion for 2 ships very expensive

95
Q

What are the pros and cons of nuclear

A

pros - pose very large threat due to damage that can be done/nuclear deterrant
cons - rules stopping them from being used/never been deployed

96
Q

Who has space power

A

USA, Russia, EU, China, India, Japan, Canada

97
Q

Who has the greatest number of deployed nuclear warheads

A

USA - 1,800

second Russia - 1,500

98
Q

Which car company has moved manufacturing from USA to China

A

Ford

99
Q

What currency is the most stable

A

the US dollar, which gives the USA economic hegemony

100
Q

What issue arose with the US dollar in other ocuntries

A

Turkey had a problem as people borrowed in US dollars, which then increased compared to their currency and people could not pay back their loans

101
Q

What is an example of gaining power without physical size

A

the British Empire

had lots of strategic locations on trade routes

102
Q

What is an example of gaining power through size

A

Russia, as they own 11% of land mass and a large proportion of the Arctic
also have a lot of natural resources

103
Q

The worlds largest 10 economies earn what percentage of global GDP

A

65%

104
Q

What is G20

A

the worlds largest 20 economies as a group

105
Q

Due to globalisation, what are countries more likely to exert their power through

A

trade blocs or IGO’s

106
Q

Name an example of how a country has used its large demographic to exert power

A

china used its large population to become the work shop of the world

107
Q

What is regional power

A

power over countries around you

108
Q

What is an hegemon and who is one

A

a worldwide superpower, only the USA

109
Q

Name an example of a country with a small population but large regional power

A

Singapore

110
Q

Name an example where having natural resources hindered economic development

A

in Africa, natural resources cause conflict and corfuption and TNC’s take advantage of it

111
Q

Name two people vital in the USA’s oil and steel industries in the 1900’s

A

John Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

112
Q

What did Mackinder believe would help the Uk become a global superpower

A

sea power

113
Q

What is China doing to move away from hard power

A

funding african infrastructure

114
Q

The exclusive economic zone gives countries control over the seabed up to how many nautical miles from the coast

A

200

115
Q

Name 2 counterfeiting companies

A

Alibaba and Napster

116
Q

Where did 88% of faked goods seized in the USA originate from

A

China

117
Q

Between 2003-2017, who was the largest receiver of chinese investment

A

Egypt

118
Q

What does the World Bank call the shifting of pollution to developing nations

A

pollution havens

A level Geography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions