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A level Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

A multi strand process where by there is increasing interconnectedness incorporating social, economic, cultural, political and environmental aspects

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2
Q

Name an example of economic globalisation

A

TnCs operating in multiple countries increased cross border exchanges

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3
Q

Name an example of social globalisation

A

Migration causes loss of culture - cultural erosions

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4
Q

Name an example of political globalisation

A

Colonialism

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5
Q

Name an example of cultural globalisation

A

Foods from different countries are available

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6
Q

Name an example of environment globalisation

A

Transportation of goods increased global warming

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7
Q

Name the connections

A

Lengthening - countries that are far apart are connecting
Deepening - more connections are being made
Faster - speed increase of connections

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8
Q

What is economic liberalisation

A

The progressive freedom of money control in a country

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9
Q

What is the world bank

A

An international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects

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10
Q

Name the 5 flows

A

Commodities, capital, information , tourists and migrants

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11
Q

What is the relationship between transport and trade

A

Transport increases trade, but transport needs to be updated and this creates a feedback loop

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12
Q

Name some points about steam power

A

Leading power in 1800s
Moved goods and armies quickly
Trade routes in Asia and Africa

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13
Q

Name some points about railways

A

1800s expanded globally
HS2 halving train times
By 1904, 9000km trans Siberian railway

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14
Q

Name some points about telegraph

A

First cables in 1860s
Placed 3 week boat journeys
Instantaneous communication

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15
Q

What are the three factors in HDI

A

GDP, life expectancy and education ( % literacy rate and years of schooling)

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16
Q

What are the values for HDI

A
  1. 550 or lower for developing
  2. 550-0.799 for emerging
  3. 800 or above for developed
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17
Q

When were the Bretton Woods Organisations founded

A

After WW2 to avoid the return of the Great Depression

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18
Q

What was free trade replaced with

A

Protectionism

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19
Q

Why did they set up

A

Because western economically weak countries felt threatened by territorial advances made by communist countries

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20
Q

What are the organisations there to encourage

A

Free world trade and globalisation

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21
Q

Explain the free trade loop

A

Governments take away barriers that make trade more costly eg tariffs
As costs are reduced, TnCs see profit and want to invest in nations
They bring new ideas, products etc
They generate wealth
This increases development and in turn increases standard of living and demand for foreign products
Nations become more interdependent

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22
Q

Name some points about jet aircraft

A

Available to the mass market in the 1960s

Budget airlines made air travel available to everyone in developed world

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23
Q

Explain time space compression

A

Heightened activity/ connectivity changes our perception of time, distance and potential barriers

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24
Q

What is the shrinking world

A

As travel times fall, places feel closer

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25
Q

Name some key points about World Trade Organisation

A

Believes in free trade (trade liberalisation)
Makes countries and producers become poorer and monopoly rises
Yet imports are cheaper

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26
Q

Name some key points about the International Monetary Fund

A

Lends money for development purposes
Forces countries to privatise government assists in order to increase size of private sector (in order to pay back loans) (structural adjustment programme) which stops money going to education

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27
Q

Name some key points about the World Bank

A 
Formed to finance economic development 
Money from wealthy to poorer countries
Agreements on conditions made 
Focuses on natural disasters 
Structural adjustment programme
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28
Q

What is the global financial crisis

A

Governments in developing and emerging countries became mistrustful of financial advice from the Bretton Woods Organisations

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29
Q

What does BRICS stand for

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

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30
Q

What did BRICS set up

A

The new development bank as an alternative

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31
Q

Name the three reasons why policies of the WTO disadvantage developing nations such as Ghana

A

Commodity traders

Over seas tariffs and unequal power

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32
Q

Why is commodity traders bad for Ghana

A
  • Trader but cocoa in advance for TnCs which is called futures market and this guarantees price, supply and delivery
  • other producers put pressure on Ghana as traders have alternative sources to negotiate with
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33
Q

Why are overseas tariffs bad for Ghana

A

There are higher tariffs on processed beans so they have to sell raw cocoa, which isn’t turning a low value product into a high value product

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34
Q

Why is unequal power bad for Ghana

A

Pre-WTO Ghanaians were subsidised to encourage food production but the WTO imposed a no subsiding condition and this means some farmers gave up

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35
Q

What do trade blocs and national governments do to promote globalisation

A

Free trade and foreign direct investment

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36
Q

What does foreign direct investment involve

A

Offshoring, foreign mergers, foreign acquisitions and transfer pricing

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37
Q

What is offshoring

A

Building production facilities in offshore low wage economies

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38
Q

Give an example of offshoring

A

Fender with Mexican plant in 1987

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39
Q

What is foreign mergers

A

Two firms in different countries merge

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40
Q

Give an example of foreign mergers

A

Royal Dutch and Shell

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41
Q

What is foreign acquisitions

A

When a tnc takes over another company in a different country to get that nations benefits

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42
Q

Give an example of foreign acquisition

A

Kraft over Cadbury

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43
Q

What is transfer pricing

A

Some TNCs have sometimes channelled profits through a subsidiary in a low tax country

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44
Q

Name an example of transfer pricing

A

Amazon through Ireland

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45
Q

What is a trade bloc

A

A group of nations that form to reduce/eliminate barriers to trade

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46
Q

What do governments recognise about secondary and tertiary products

A

That there is more money to be made, as if trade in these increase then so will the tax base and therefore skill level and high wage employment

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47
Q

How do trade blocs gain members

A

They attract FDI form other nations that want to invest to avail tariffs and access the large market

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48
Q

What do primary products not provide

A

Stability

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49
Q

What do you get with being in the EU

A

Currency- eligible for EU structural funds
Agriculture - produces benefit from farm subsidies
Peace- European Parliament holds peace
Freedom of movement - granted to all citizens of member states and the Shenzhen agreement means national borders are removed

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50
Q

What are the ASEANs aims

A

Eliminate tariffs and encourage free trade

Aim to develop into a single market (the Asian economic countries)

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51
Q

Where is ASEANs financial centre

A

Singapore

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52
Q

Where is ASEANs call centre

A

Philippines

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53
Q

Where is ASEANs manufacturing

A

Indonesia

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54
Q

How many countries and people are in ASEAN

A

10 countries and 600 million people

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55
Q

What is a special economic zone

A

An industrial area, often near a coastline where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs

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56
Q

What do SEZ’s add towards

A

Economic development goals

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57
Q

Explain SEZ’s in Indonesia

A

In 1960, president Sauharto built a new legal and economic framework which attracted companies such as Gap and Levi’s

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58
Q

What did President Sauharto do

A

Borrowed money from the world bank and built roads, power supplies and ports

59
Q

What happened to Indonesia

A

It became a centre for sweatshop manufacturing and had quick social impacts

60
Q

Explain SEZ’s in India

A

In 1991, there was a sweeping financial reform and foreign retailers can only gain a presence by forming partnerships with local businesses

61
Q

Explain China’s open door policy

A

Pre 1978- poor and politically isolated
1978 - Deng began open door and allowed China to embrace globalisation
Rural areas first changed and farmers made a small profit
1 child policy
1978+ - largest human migration 300 million into cities, instant cities made
1990s- 50% GDP from SEZ’s
2015- many workers making good profits
Today- worlds largest economy and 400 million people escaped poverty

62
Q

What are the terms switched on and switched off

A

Switched on is globalised and off is not

63
Q

How can we measure economic globalisation

A

Balance of trade
GDP per capita
Tariffs

64
Q

How can we measure environmental globalisation

A

% change in CO2 emissions

Species loss

65
Q

How can we measure social globalisation

A

% of people in higher education

Equality

66
Q

How can we measure political globalisation

A

Corruption index

Involvement in foreign organisations

67
Q

What indicators does KOF use

A

Economic, social and political globalisation

68
Q

How is each country’s KOF rank calculated

A

Weighted as some indicators are more important, then added into one value
Number between 0-100

69
Q

What indicators does the AT Kearney use

A

Political engagement, technological connectivity
Personal contact
Economic integration

70
Q

How is each country’s AT Kearney rank calculated

A

Uses holistic indicators and worked out using a complex points and weighting system
4 separate ranking system then weighting

71
Q

Explain Manchester’s deindustrialisation

A

Between 1971-1981 it lost 50,000 jobs and 17.5% of its population due to loss of jobs in textiles
Started the north south divide
Due to globalisation and global shift in manufacturing
1986 economic liberalisation meant money went straight to London
Slight regeneration through ‘northern powerhouse’

72
Q

Explain Redcars deindustrialisation

A

Steelworks went to China and India
Majority of people lost their jobs due to globalisation
Unemployment rate of 8.3% which is 3% higher than national average

73
Q

What are the 3 D’s associated with deindustrialisation

A

Dereliction
Depopulation
Deprivation

74
Q

Explain dereliction

A

It costs the government money to keep the site safe and contaminated land costs to clean

75
Q

Explain depopulation

A

A loss of jobs leads to migration

76
Q

Explain deprivation

A

Lower standard of living due to unemployment and a low life expectancy by 10 yearsyears

77
Q

What is the index of multiple deprivation

A

Divides England into 32,844 areas with between 1500-2500 people
It’s made up of 7 domains and 37 indicators

78
Q

What are the 7 domains

A 
Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing
Living environment
79
Q

Explain IMD

A

It ranks areas in deprivation
Data comes from the government so the deprived can be enhanced
It only shows how good or bad areas are compared to others
Rankings can change dramatically by small events

80
Q

What are the benefits of global shift

A

Infrastructure investment
Waged work
Poverty reduction
Education and training

81
Q

Explain infrastructure investment in China

A

China has 10,000km of rail system and 82 airports

82
Q

What is waged work

A

Growth of disposable income and regulations are put in place

83
Q

Explain poverty reduction in China

A

Poverty went from 84% to 10%

84
Q

Explain education and training in China

A

It is now free and compulsory and there are higher literacy rates

85
Q

Name some negatives about the global shift

A

Loss of productive land
Unplanned settlements
Environment and resources pressure

86
Q

Explain loss of productive land in China

A

3 million hectares polluted by heavy metals

Increased use of fertilisers means that farmland near drinking water has to be left

87
Q

Explain unplanned settlements in China

A

Informal housing due to rapid industrialisation

Expanding villages and privately being built on

88
Q

Explain environmental and resource pressure in China

A

Too much demand for resources
Reliant on other places
Loss of biodiversity in China and reliant places

89
Q

What does the Mann Whitney test test

A

Whether there is a significant difference between two sets of data

90
Q

What is the MW based on

A

The median

91
Q

When is the MW test used

A

When the data set has between 5-20 values
When the data set doesn’t have the same number of values
When the data isn’t normally distributed

92
Q

When does it show that there is a significant difference

A

If the U is smaller than the critical value

93
Q

Why is the MW test prime to human error

A

It has lots of steps

94
Q

When does the MW test work better

A

When data says are independent

95
Q

What word should we always use in the null hypothesis

A

Significant

96
Q

What two factors cause urbanisation

A

Rural to urban migration

Natural increase

97
Q

Name three push factors

A

Poor employment opportunities in primary sectors due to mechanisation
Poverty
Poor schooling due to lack of teachers and large classes

98
Q

Name three pull factors

A

Better employment opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors
Greater opportunity for education
A perceived higher standard of living

99
Q

What’s happening in developed countries

A

Counter UR migration
International highly skilled migrants coming in
Green belts prevent cities expanding

100
Q

What are the 5 social challenges of rapid urban growth

A 
Overcrowding
Poor housing
Pressure on governments to provide services
Lack of doctors and healthcare
Unemployment causing growth of extremism
101
Q

Name the three environmental challenges for rapid urban growth

A

Air pollution
Water pollution
Increased chance of flooding

102
Q

Which continent has the highest level of intraregional migration

A

Africa as they have a low education and it’s lower cost

103
Q

What are global/hub cities

A

Switched on places possessing qualities that makes other places want to connect and migrate there

104
Q

Name 5 human aspects of hub cities

A 
Well connected infrastructure
Skilled labour
Open governments that are stable
Large labour force
Multilingual
105
Q

Name 4 physical aspects of a hub city

A

Coastline
Flat plain
Useful resources
Accessibility

106
Q

What do global hubs attract

A

FDI capital and TNCS

Internal and external migrants

107
Q

Why do low wage migrants bring more money to an economy than elite migrants

A

As elite migrants have more connections and therefore will send taxes to other countries

108
Q

Explain low wage migrants and give an example

A

Large amounts of people coming from India and Pakistan to UAE
Entry visas tied to work contracts
Low pay
Make up for lack of work force

109
Q

Explain elite migrants and give an example

A

Russian oligarchs to London for property investment
Highly skilled, affluent individuals
Good way of investing money as the pound is a stable currency

110
Q

Name 4 positive impacts of migration on the source country

A

migrant remittances contribute to national earnings
reduced unemployment
less strain on government
less people working in informal economies that release greenhouse gases

111
Q

Name 3 positive impacts of migration on the host country

A

brings high demand therefore prices can increase
migrants do work that locals are unwilling to do
migrants can bring new ideas to a country

112
Q

Name 4 negative impacts of migration on the source country

A

brain-drain for workers and politicians
imbalance of population
dereliction of urban areas
reduced economic growth as consumption falls

113
Q

Name 4 negative impacts of migration on the host country

A

more competition for normal jobs
social tensions arise with locals and migrants
extremism
overcrowding

114
Q

Define cultural diffusion

A

the spread of cultural ideas and way of life between individuals and cultures

115
Q

Define cultural erosion

A

the loss or dilution of a specific culture due to cultural diffusion
A change in ideas and traditions

116
Q

Name two disadvantaged groups

A

Minority political/religious views

Physical disabilities

117
Q

What is meant by a disadvantaged group

A

How someone’s identity can be a disadvantage rather than their resources/environment

118
Q

What is a composite measure

A

a measure using several sets of data

119
Q

When did the development gap widen

A

between 1980 and 2012

120
Q

What measures does GII use

A

reproductive health, empowerment, education and employment

121
Q

What does GII stand for

A

gender inequality index

122
Q

What are the highest and lowest countries for GII

A

Norway

Pakistan

123
Q

Explain the Lorenz curve

A

a graph that shows what % of the population contributes to the countries wealth
closer to the line of equality, the more equally money is shared

124
Q

What are the values for the Lorenz curve

A

1 - 1% of people have all the wealth

0 - equal distribution of wealth

125
Q

Explain the windrush generation

A

500,000 caribbeans come to UK to rebuild after the war and to escape poverty due to decolonisation
1940’s

126
Q

When did the pakistanis come to britain

A

1950’s for the textile boom

750,000

127
Q

Why were both of these easy to do

A

as there were little visa restrictions/requirements

128
Q

When did the poles and slovakians come to britain

A

2004 when they joined the EU

5 million

129
Q

What % of residents in 2011 were born outside of the uk

A

13%

130
Q

Why is London a multicultural mixing ground

A 
capital
tertiary jobs 
open and accepting
different languages 
international air connections
131
Q

What is a diaspora

A

the migration of people who share a nationality or ethnic identity away from their perceived home land

132
Q

Name a diaspora in London

A

Balham

polish church and community centre

133
Q

What are the three causes of diasporas

A

open borders
deregulation with businesses
FDI from foreign companies

134
Q

What causes tensions in and between countries

A

Nationalist parties such as Front Nationale

Resources

135
Q

Explain Front Nationale

A

perceived view is that migrants are getting favourable benefits
support from younger generation and those in deindustrialised areas

136
Q

Name a company that has tried to retain cultural identity

A

First Nations Canada
protecting 643 indigenous people
land being returned to groups after colonial rule

137
Q

Name a company who is anti globalisation

A

Occupy london

want a more sustainable economic system

138
Q

What are the three ways we can increase sustainability in globalisation

A

locally sourcing through transition towns
fair trade and ethical shopping
recycling

139
Q

Explain transition towns

A

meeting local needs through local production
eg Todmorden
£10 spent in local businesses is £23 to local economy which creates a multiplier effect

140
Q

Which NGO promotes recycling and waste disposal

A

Keep Britain Tidy

141
Q

What is ethical consumption

A

buying from companies that ensure safe working conditions, minimum wage and look at environmental impacts

142
Q

How is censorship controlling globalisation

A

Stop companies that are banned from advertising

state control the media (great firewall of china)

143
Q

How is limiting immigration controlling globalisation

A

often contraversial
not effective in EU countries
Trump proposed a wall between Mexico and US

144
Q

How is trade protectionism controlling globalisation

A

rules put in place for a fair market globally
China 2016 heavily subsidised steel made UK lose 1 mil a day and a deal had to be made
often very effective as all countries have to follow deals and it protects the countries domestic production

A level Geography (8 decks)

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