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A level Geography > Migration, Identity, Sovereignty > Flashcards

Migration, Identity, Sovereignty Flashcards

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1
Q

Define economic migrant

A

someone emigrating for better employments opportunities or an improved financial position​

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2
Q

Define refugee

A

someone who has left their home country because they have suffered persecution on account of their race, religion, nationality or political opinions.

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3
Q

Define irregular migrant

A

a person who enters the country illegally or remains in the country without a valid visa or whose visa has been cancelled

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4
Q

What is a core periphery system

A

where core countries exploit peripheral countries in terms of labour and raw materials

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5
Q

What is a backwash effect

A

uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions resulting from flows of migrants, trades and investments into the core

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6
Q

What is the hukuo system

A

a family registration programme in china which regulates population distribution and rural-to-urban migration

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7
Q

possible reasons for immigration patterns

A

level of political engagement with global economy, government immigration laws, state of countries economy and global citizens/global elite

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8
Q

What are the global elite

A

talented and wealthy people unlikely to face barriers with visa’s with points based systems

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9
Q

What does the united nation declaration of human rights state about migration

A

people have the right to outward migration

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10
Q

Which countries oppose this right

A

North Korea - need a visa to leave

Qatar - some foreign migrants must get an exit visa before being allowed home

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11
Q

Which countries are the main source of migrants to australia

A

UK, New Zealand, India, China

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12
Q

Explain Lee’s model of international migration

A

a diagram of push and pull factors with intervening obstacles such as environmental, economic or political. Once the push and pull factors become strong enough to overcome these obstacles, the migrant will move

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13
Q

Who does Lee’s model apply to

A

both voluntary and forced migrants

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14
Q

Name an early intervening factor in international migration

A

colonisation of the new world which forced migration of africans to the americas

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15
Q

Name a country which is going through climate change migration

A

Kiribati to New Zealand

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16
Q

Name a current reason why there are so many internally displaced people

A

from failing regional conflict such as Syria

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17
Q

Define an asylum seeker

A

a migrant that has been awarded this status from its host country

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18
Q

What is a family migrant

A

migrants who move due to new or established family ties

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19
Q

How much of Singapore’s population is made up from non residents eg students

A

25.7%

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20
Q

How much more is this percentage than the last census

A

7%

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21
Q

How skilled are two thirds of the non residents

A

low-skilled

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22
Q

How is the skilled labour force increasing in Singapore

A

it is increasing due to intensive recruitment

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23
Q

Name two strict rules in Singapore that end in repatriation if broken

A

non residents cannot get pregnant or marry a resident

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24
Q

Define core regions

A

national or global regions where economic power in terms of wealth, innovation and advanced technology, is concentrated

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25
Q

Define periphery regions

A

the lesser developed regions surrounding the core that receive a disproportionally small share of global wealth

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26
Q

Define backwash

A

people migrating to the core from the periphery in search of better economic and employment opportunities

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27
Q

Define the trickle down theory

A

a theory that tax breaks and financial benefits given to big businesses will in turn pass down to smaller businesses, and that they will stimulate economic growth for periphery countries

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28
Q

Who came up with the core periphery model

A

Friedmann (1966)

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29
Q

Which governments use this theory

A

US and UK

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30
Q

Who came up with the world systems theory

A

Immanuel Wallerstein

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31
Q

Name the three regions in the world systems theory

A

core, semi periphery and periphery

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32
Q

Explain why these regions are interdependant

A

Core rely on semi for large returns on foreign direct investments, periphery regions provide raw materials for manufacturing and living in semi countries

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33
Q

Explain the neoclassical economic theory

A

most significant push/pull factor is wage differences, so migration is from areas of low wage to high wage

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34
Q

Explain dual labour market theory

A

pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill the low skilled jobs as the home population do not want these

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35
Q

Explain the new economics of labour migration

A

migrations flows cannot be solely described by individual workers and push and pull factors but must look at things like benefits for those still at home in the family

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36
Q

Explain the relative deprivation theory

A

awareness of income differences between families may encourage others to move as successful migrants serve as examples to others

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37
Q

Define segregation

A

the voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities

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38
Q

Define enclaves

A

a concentration of a particular community

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39
Q

Define apartheid

A

the enforced segregation of people

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40
Q

Define assimilation

A

the gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle of the host country

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41
Q

Define sovereignty

A

the authority of a state to govern itself

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42
Q

What % of UK census was white in 2011

A

86%

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43
Q

What is the second largest ethnicity

A

Asian/Indian

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44
Q

What is happening to the % of white population

A

decreasing at an increasing rate

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45
Q

What is happening to all other ethnicity %’s

A

they are increasing

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46
Q

Why is census data difficult to compare

A

as people are finding out more about their heritage so may change their ethnicity
can now identify as cornish

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47
Q

What % of UK population identifies with at least one UK national identity (assimilation)

A

91%

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48
Q

What is the main reason and % of eu nationals that come to the UK

A

either for a job or to look for work

73%

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49
Q

What is the main reason and % non eu nationals come to UK

A

study

46%

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50
Q

How many people used the schengen agreement between 1992-2016 to come and work in the UK

A

2.5 million

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51
Q

How many people came from romania, poland etc after 2004

A

1.25 million

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52
Q

How many immigrants had crossed the mediterranean by 2016

A

1 million

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53
Q

Name the two main migration routes

A

syria to turkey to greece

libya to spain, france, italy

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54
Q

How many deaths en route in 2014

A

3700

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55
Q

Which two countries have to process asylum claims

A

greece and italy

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56
Q

How long does the UK have to send migrants away and what do migrants do to stop this

A

6 months

appeal with lawyers to prolong time

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57
Q

How much of the eu population was accounted for by migrants in 2015

A

less than 0.1%

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58
Q

What happened with the Paris bomber

A

he was a syrian refugee so debates on intensified passport checks in EU

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59
Q

What happens if we stop migration routes

A

stop illegal gang smuggling but stop route to safety for civilians

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60
Q

What is making smuggling easier

A

the internet and tech

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61
Q

Which americans see Mexican immigrants as an asset

A

Democrats (obama)

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62
Q

Which americans see mexican immigrants as a burden

A

Republicans (trump)

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63
Q

What % of US population see mexicans as a strength

A

51%

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64
Q

What did Obama call for in terms of Mexican migration

A

8 million work permits for unauthorised workers

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65
Q

Why do most americans see migration as a positive

A

as their population mainly comes from migration

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66
Q

In which part of american society is migration views split

A

Politics

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67
Q

What did Trump call for in terms of mexican migration

A

to build a wall

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68
Q

Name two social impacts of outward migration on Mexico

A

families separated due to ICE

young people lost to drug and human trafficking

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69
Q

What are two factors that affect the ability to migrate internationally

A

skills

income

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70
Q

How many points do you need for an australian visa

A

65

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71
Q

What is another country that bases immigration on skills

A

Singapore

separate migrants into ‘foreign workers’ and ‘foreign talents’

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72
Q

In which example of migration does wealth play a role

A

mexicans as they pay smugglers up to 10,000 to get them across the border

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73
Q

What can the ease of migration also depend upon

A

practical opportunities

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74
Q

What are examples of practical opportunitues

A

an absence of a border eg Schengen

presence of family members in destination country

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75
Q

What is political process

A

factors which affect an ability to migrate

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76
Q

What is a nation state

A

a sovereign state, most of whose citizens share the same sense of nationhood or common cultural traits

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77
Q

What is a state

A

territory over which no other country holds powert

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78
Q

What is a nation

A

a territory which may lack some sovereignty eg scotland

79
Q

What are the three types of origins of borders

A

physical, historical, colonial

80
Q

Give an example of a physical border

A

a river eg the confluence of the Iguazo and the Parana between argentina, brazil and paraguay

81
Q

Name an example of a historical border

A

USA/Mexico wall

82
Q

Name an example of a colonial border

A

division of Africa in 1885

83
Q

Give 3 reasons as to why a border may be contested

A

desire to gain territory
unite ethically similar populations
gain access to valuable resources

84
Q

What are the consequences of a contested border

A

conflict and instability

85
Q

Define legitimacy

A

ruled by foreign force

86
Q

Define nationalism

A

a political, social and economic ideology based on promoting the interest of one particular nation

87
Q

What is a positive of nationalism

A

it helps individuals identify with their nation

88
Q

What is a negative of nationalism

A

excludes the interests of other societies

89
Q

Explain Weber’s theory of ethnicity

A

emphasis on the subjectivity of belief, successful formations of ethnic groups start with a positive mindset

90
Q

Explain the fixed theory of ethnicity

A

contrasts weber’s, ethnicity must come from a common descent so its biological rather than social

91
Q

What are the four dimensions of nationalism

A

psychological, cultural, territorial and political

92
Q

What is the psychological dimension

A

people have to be convinced they have formed a nation

93
Q

What is the cultural dimension

A

understanding each other in terms of a shared trait eg language

94
Q

What is the territorial dimension

A

people on sacred land or in diasporas

95
Q

What is the political dimension

A

people are free to make political decisions (autonomy)

96
Q

Explain what the origins of nationalism was like in pre industrial times

A

people were divided geographically

people had no need for anything beyond their culture

97
Q

Explain what the origins of nationalism was like in industrial times

A

division of labour
people needed to be socially and geographically mobile
same language needed

98
Q

How has globalisation brought a greater desire for nationalism

A

due to social cohesion and people want to retain their identity in a changing world

99
Q

What are the downsides of nationalism

A

ethical cleansing

governments can promote othering and gives scapegoats eg blaming overcrowded schools on migrants

100
Q

Why is blaming overcrowded schools on migrants incorrect

A

as they tend to give more to the economy than they take in services

101
Q

Which revolution sparked nationalism

A

French Revolution

102
Q

How did the French revolution spark nationalism

A

monarchy to democracy

standardised language created

103
Q

When and what is expansionist nationalism

A

19th century when countries are geopolitcally competing with each other

104
Q

What does the British empire have roots in

A

piracy, conflict and trade

105
Q

When did britain become the principal naval and imperial power

A

1803-1815

106
Q

Which company took over Indian states by force

A

The British East India Company

107
Q

When did most british colonies in Africa become independant

A

1960’s

108
Q

What is the wind of change speech and what did it do for africa

A

a speech by British PM Harold Macmillan where he granted many Africa colonies independence

109
Q

What is the Washington Consensus

A

a belief that economic efficiency can only be achieved if regulations are removed

110
Q

What happened to capital post deregulation

A

it could be moved freely, cheaply and quickly

111
Q

What has reduced government spending caused

A

lower taxation

112
Q

What is a tax haven

A

countries that have expanded their lack of regulations with low tax rates, designed to attract wealthy individuals and TNCs to register there

113
Q

What is a shell company

A

one where the ownership is disguised so it avoids financial and legal scrutiny

114
Q

Where are the most tax havens

A

caribbean and central america

115
Q

What is a low tax regime

A

regimes where tax is reduced

116
Q

Why dont all companies use low tax regimes

A

due to brand authenticity, corporate responsibility, public perception and security (conflict or financial crisis in new area)

117
Q

What is transfer pricing

A

routing profits through subsidiary companies in other countries

118
Q

What is happening to the worlds overall wealth

A

it is increasing

119
Q

What is happening to inequality within countries and globally

A

increasing within countries but decreasing globally

120
Q

Give an example of a developed global hub creating inequality

A

San Fran
attract highest skilled migrants which increases wages
attracts lowest skills migrants and wages decrease due to high demand
ones in middle forced out

121
Q

Name 3 leaders that give alternative economic models

A

Kim Jong Un - North Korea
Robert Mugabe - Zimbabwe
Evo Morales - Bolivia

122
Q

What is Buen Vivir

A

a socialist idea introduced into Bolivia that moves rights from individuals/capitalism to the community and nature
they believe we are just stewards of the land

123
Q

Who is Evo Morales and what did he do

A

populist president of Bolivia
halved extreme poverty between 2006-2017
increased economy 4.9% each year

124
Q

What is Juancito Pito

A

created by Morales, it improves access to education through school vouchers for children
funds come from hydrocarbon industry

125
Q

What is an IGO and what do they do

A

an inter governmental organisation
have considerable resources
hold genuine power to influence world events
neutral

126
Q

Name the biggest IGO

A

United Nations

127
Q

When did the UN begin

A

during ww2 with Roosevelt

128
Q

Why was the UN made

A

to ‘maintain peace and global security’

129
Q

How many bodies are there in the UN

A

193, but with 5 main bodies (P5)

130
Q

WHo are the P5

A

UK, USA, Russia, France, China

131
Q

What was Russia called when it joined the UN

A

USSR

132
Q

What is the UN charter

A

a charter that codifies the major principles of international relations

133
Q

What are the four pillars of global security

A

political, economic, social, judicial

134
Q

What is the secretariat

A

an international civil service that combines all special agencies

135
Q

What is the general assembley

A

a forum where states meet and discuss global concerns

questions here are referred to main committees

136
Q

What is a positive of the GA

A

gives a place for debate

137
Q

What is a negative of the GA

A

its been critiqued for being a ‘talking shop’ where few significant issues are resolved

138
Q

What is the security council

A

a council containing 5 permanent members (P5) and 10 non permanent members who serve 2 years

139
Q

What power do the P5 hold

A

veto power, where it allows any one of them to block adoption of a resolution they dislike

140
Q

What is an issue with the P5

A

Europe is over represented

141
Q

When are sanctions given and what is an example

A

when countries go against principles

example - arms or trade embargo (banning of)

142
Q

Why are UN troops deployed

A

to keep peace

143
Q

If there is a failure to get an agreement, what may happen

A

a nation may act directly

144
Q

What does the economic and security council (ECOSOC) do`

A

coordinates economic and social work of UN

145
Q

What are some criticisms of ECOSOC

A

funding withdraw sometimes due to mismanagement

very global so too dispersed for effective communication

146
Q

What is ECOSOC praised for

A

consulting lots of NGO’s

147
Q

What does the international court of justice do

A

settles legal disputes between states

advises opinions to UN

148
Q

What does the international criminal court do

A

prosecutes individuals who commit genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity

149
Q

How is the UN funded

A

P5 pay for more than half the costs alone

voluntary contributions from states, NGO’s and donor agencies

150
Q

Why is a a good thing for P5 to pay for more than half the fees

A

helps them hold power

151
Q

What happens when the UN fails to get an agreement

A

countries may act independantly and directly, undermining the power of the UN

152
Q

Define a failed state

A

a country whose government has lost political control and is unable to fulfill the basic responsibilities of a sovereign state, with severe adverse effects on some or all of the population

153
Q

Define war on terror

A

ongoing campaign of USA to counter terrorism attacks initiated by Al-Qeada

154
Q

Why is Syria a failed state

A 
civil war since 2011
Aleppo, financial capital, now in ruins
caused by nepotism and corruption
conflict between many terror groups
ruling family getting richer as monopoly rises
155
Q

What is nepotism

A

handing power over to friends and family

156
Q

What are the 3 groups that get involved in Syria

A

Assad family and Russia
Rebels - USA, Turkey and Saudi Arabia
IS

157
Q

Why did chemical weapons get the UN and the UK involved in the Syria crisis

A

UN banned use of chemical weapons and investigated factories
2017 deadly chemical attck in Syria
both Syria and Russia deny
USA and UK dont believe them so use air strikes

158
Q

Why is being a member of global trade and IGO’s a good thing

A

they are almost universal, it gives access to the world marketplace and a route to economic development through trade

159
Q

Is there equal influence inside IGO’s

A

no

160
Q

How are trading blocs made

A

with close regional groups or natiosn who wants to partners

161
Q

What is a single market

A

regional groups operating without cross border taxation and permit freedom of movement

162
Q

What must governments be expected to do when joining a trade bloc

A

to give up a degree of economic sovereignty

163
Q

Why are trading blocs good

A

as more international links increase desirability for FDI

164
Q

What do some nations see as the ultimate gaol

A

political unity

165
Q

What draws member states together

A

centripetal forces such as a common currency or similiar policies

166
Q

What is required for unity

A

trust ans economic consistency

167
Q

What does nationalism create

A

centrifugal forces that push countries apart

168
Q

Name an example of not all citizens supporting unity

A

Britain voting to leave EU

169
Q

When was NAFTA formed

A

1994

170
Q

Who is in NAFTA

A

Cananda, USA, Mexico

171
Q

What % of global GDP does NAFTA account for

A

21%

172
Q

What does NAFTA do

A

reduce tariffs of goods
coordinates environmental regulation
promotes construction of infrastructure between countries

173
Q

What are the pros of NAFTA

A

economy doubled since 1994

employment increased by 23%

174
Q

What re the cons of NAFTA

A

lots of american jobs relocated to Mexico

mexican farmers cannot compete with american agribusiness

175
Q

What does SEATO stand for

A

South East Asia Treaty Organisation

176
Q

When did SEATO run from and until

A

1954-77

177
Q

Who was in SEATO

A

US, France, GB, NZ, AUS, Thailand, Pakistan, Phillippines

178
Q

What was SEATO’s main aim

A

blcok communist expansion

179
Q

What are the pros of SEATO

A

strengthened economic foundations and improved SoL in southeast asia states

180
Q

What are the cons of SEATO

A

each nation reacted differently to internal threats

been blamed for keeping vietnam from peace

181
Q

What are the 3 groups of IGO activity

A

group 1 - managing global environmental issues
group 2 - developing laws for managing ocenas and international rivers
group 3 - responsibility of keeping Antartica as a continent of peace and science

182
Q

Define separatism

A

the advocacy or practice of separating a particular group of people from a larger group of people on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender

183
Q

Define secession

A

The act of separation for part of a state to create a new and fully independent country. 

184
Q

Which national ideologies have been strengthened through globalisation

A

Front Nationale

185
Q

What are the two types of nationalism

A

ethic and civic

186
Q

Explain ethic nationalism

A

Right wing
Superior to non-members
Front Nationale
Anti-immigration

187
Q

Explain civic nationalism

A

Anyone can identify as long as they accept civic values of the community
SNP

188
Q

What are 4 characteristics of a failed state

A

corrupt government
contested territory
inability to provide services
no involvement in global politics

189
Q

Name a failed state

A

Syria

190
Q

How did the Bretton Woods institutions assist TNCs

A

promoted free trade
removed barriers to trade
allowed investment to be easier through a fixed rate

191
Q

Name an example of IGO activity group 1 - managing gloabl environmental issues

A

Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the o zone
signed by 197 countries
successful as revised several times, strict sanctions given out and hole easily measured

192
Q

Name an example of IGO activity group 2 - developing laws for managing seas, oceans and rivers

A

UN convention of the law of the sea
166 sountries signed
provide barriers to exploitation and give rights to land locked countries

193
Q

Name an example of IGO activity group 3 - responsibility for Antarctic as a continent of peace and science

A

antarctic treaty system
12 countries signed
ban on military
may become contested due to china and russia tensions over resources

A level Geography (8 decks)

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