Migration, Identity, Sovereignty Flashcards
Define economic migrant
someone emigrating for better employments opportunities or an improved financial position
Define refugee
someone who has left their home country because they have suffered persecution on account of their race, religion, nationality or political opinions.
Define irregular migrant
a person who enters the country illegally or remains in the country without a valid visa or whose visa has been cancelled
What is a core periphery system
where core countries exploit peripheral countries in terms of labour and raw materials
What is a backwash effect
uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions resulting from flows of migrants, trades and investments into the core
What is the hukuo system
a family registration programme in china which regulates population distribution and rural-to-urban migration
possible reasons for immigration patterns
level of political engagement with global economy, government immigration laws, state of countries economy and global citizens/global elite
What are the global elite
talented and wealthy people unlikely to face barriers with visa’s with points based systems
What does the united nation declaration of human rights state about migration
people have the right to outward migration
Which countries oppose this right
North Korea - need a visa to leave
Qatar - some foreign migrants must get an exit visa before being allowed home
Which countries are the main source of migrants to australia
UK, New Zealand, India, China
Explain Lee’s model of international migration
a diagram of push and pull factors with intervening obstacles such as environmental, economic or political. Once the push and pull factors become strong enough to overcome these obstacles, the migrant will move
Who does Lee’s model apply to
both voluntary and forced migrants
Name an early intervening factor in international migration
colonisation of the new world which forced migration of africans to the americas
Name a country which is going through climate change migration
Kiribati to New Zealand
Name a current reason why there are so many internally displaced people
from failing regional conflict such as Syria
Define an asylum seeker
a migrant that has been awarded this status from its host country
What is a family migrant
migrants who move due to new or established family ties
How much of Singapore’s population is made up from non residents eg students
25.7%
How much more is this percentage than the last census
7%
How skilled are two thirds of the non residents
low-skilled
How is the skilled labour force increasing in Singapore
it is increasing due to intensive recruitment
Name two strict rules in Singapore that end in repatriation if broken
non residents cannot get pregnant or marry a resident
Define core regions
national or global regions where economic power in terms of wealth, innovation and advanced technology, is concentrated
Define periphery regions
the lesser developed regions surrounding the core that receive a disproportionally small share of global wealth
Define backwash
people migrating to the core from the periphery in search of better economic and employment opportunities
Define the trickle down theory
a theory that tax breaks and financial benefits given to big businesses will in turn pass down to smaller businesses, and that they will stimulate economic growth for periphery countries
Who came up with the core periphery model
Friedmann (1966)
Which governments use this theory
US and UK
Who came up with the world systems theory
Immanuel Wallerstein
Name the three regions in the world systems theory
core, semi periphery and periphery
Explain why these regions are interdependant
Core rely on semi for large returns on foreign direct investments, periphery regions provide raw materials for manufacturing and living in semi countries
Explain the neoclassical economic theory
most significant push/pull factor is wage differences, so migration is from areas of low wage to high wage
Explain dual labour market theory
pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill the low skilled jobs as the home population do not want these
Explain the new economics of labour migration
migrations flows cannot be solely described by individual workers and push and pull factors but must look at things like benefits for those still at home in the family
Explain the relative deprivation theory
awareness of income differences between families may encourage others to move as successful migrants serve as examples to others
Define segregation
the voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities
Define enclaves
a concentration of a particular community
Define apartheid
the enforced segregation of people
Define assimilation
the gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle of the host country
Define sovereignty
the authority of a state to govern itself
What % of UK census was white in 2011
86%
What is the second largest ethnicity
Asian/Indian
What is happening to the % of white population
decreasing at an increasing rate
What is happening to all other ethnicity %’s
they are increasing
Why is census data difficult to compare
as people are finding out more about their heritage so may change their ethnicity
can now identify as cornish
What % of UK population identifies with at least one UK national identity (assimilation)
91%
What is the main reason and % of eu nationals that come to the UK
either for a job or to look for work
73%
What is the main reason and % non eu nationals come to UK
study
46%
How many people used the schengen agreement between 1992-2016 to come and work in the UK
2.5 million
How many people came from romania, poland etc after 2004
1.25 million
How many immigrants had crossed the mediterranean by 2016
1 million
Name the two main migration routes
syria to turkey to greece
libya to spain, france, italy
How many deaths en route in 2014
3700
Which two countries have to process asylum claims
greece and italy
How long does the UK have to send migrants away and what do migrants do to stop this
6 months
appeal with lawyers to prolong time
How much of the eu population was accounted for by migrants in 2015
less than 0.1%
What happened with the Paris bomber
he was a syrian refugee so debates on intensified passport checks in EU
What happens if we stop migration routes
stop illegal gang smuggling but stop route to safety for civilians
What is making smuggling easier
the internet and tech
Which americans see Mexican immigrants as an asset
Democrats (obama)
Which americans see mexican immigrants as a burden
Republicans (trump)
What % of US population see mexicans as a strength
51%
What did Obama call for in terms of Mexican migration
8 million work permits for unauthorised workers
Why do most americans see migration as a positive
as their population mainly comes from migration
In which part of american society is migration views split
Politics
What did Trump call for in terms of mexican migration
to build a wall
Name two social impacts of outward migration on Mexico
families separated due to ICE
young people lost to drug and human trafficking
What are two factors that affect the ability to migrate internationally
skills
income
How many points do you need for an australian visa
65
What is another country that bases immigration on skills
Singapore
separate migrants into ‘foreign workers’ and ‘foreign talents’
In which example of migration does wealth play a role
mexicans as they pay smugglers up to 10,000 to get them across the border
What can the ease of migration also depend upon
practical opportunities
What are examples of practical opportunitues
an absence of a border eg Schengen
presence of family members in destination country
What is political process
factors which affect an ability to migrate
What is a nation state
a sovereign state, most of whose citizens share the same sense of nationhood or common cultural traits
What is a state
territory over which no other country holds powert
What is a nation
a territory which may lack some sovereignty eg scotland
What are the three types of origins of borders
physical, historical, colonial
Give an example of a physical border
a river eg the confluence of the Iguazo and the Parana between argentina, brazil and paraguay
Name an example of a historical border
USA/Mexico wall
Name an example of a colonial border
division of Africa in 1885
Give 3 reasons as to why a border may be contested
desire to gain territory
unite ethically similar populations
gain access to valuable resources
What are the consequences of a contested border
conflict and instability
Define legitimacy
ruled by foreign force
Define nationalism
a political, social and economic ideology based on promoting the interest of one particular nation
What is a positive of nationalism
it helps individuals identify with their nation
What is a negative of nationalism
excludes the interests of other societies
Explain Weber’s theory of ethnicity
emphasis on the subjectivity of belief, successful formations of ethnic groups start with a positive mindset
Explain the fixed theory of ethnicity
contrasts weber’s, ethnicity must come from a common descent so its biological rather than social
What are the four dimensions of nationalism
psychological, cultural, territorial and political
What is the psychological dimension
people have to be convinced they have formed a nation
What is the cultural dimension
understanding each other in terms of a shared trait eg language
What is the territorial dimension
people on sacred land or in diasporas
What is the political dimension
people are free to make political decisions (autonomy)
Explain what the origins of nationalism was like in pre industrial times
people were divided geographically
people had no need for anything beyond their culture
Explain what the origins of nationalism was like in industrial times
division of labour
people needed to be socially and geographically mobile
same language needed
How has globalisation brought a greater desire for nationalism
due to social cohesion and people want to retain their identity in a changing world
What are the downsides of nationalism
ethical cleansing
governments can promote othering and gives scapegoats eg blaming overcrowded schools on migrants
Why is blaming overcrowded schools on migrants incorrect
as they tend to give more to the economy than they take in services
Which revolution sparked nationalism
French Revolution
How did the French revolution spark nationalism
monarchy to democracy
standardised language created
When and what is expansionist nationalism
19th century when countries are geopolitcally competing with each other
What does the British empire have roots in
piracy, conflict and trade
When did britain become the principal naval and imperial power
1803-1815
Which company took over Indian states by force
The British East India Company
When did most british colonies in Africa become independant
1960’s
What is the wind of change speech and what did it do for africa
a speech by British PM Harold Macmillan where he granted many Africa colonies independence
What is the Washington Consensus
a belief that economic efficiency can only be achieved if regulations are removed
What happened to capital post deregulation
it could be moved freely, cheaply and quickly
What has reduced government spending caused
lower taxation
What is a tax haven
countries that have expanded their lack of regulations with low tax rates, designed to attract wealthy individuals and TNCs to register there
What is a shell company
one where the ownership is disguised so it avoids financial and legal scrutiny
Where are the most tax havens
caribbean and central america
What is a low tax regime
regimes where tax is reduced
Why dont all companies use low tax regimes
due to brand authenticity, corporate responsibility, public perception and security (conflict or financial crisis in new area)
What is transfer pricing
routing profits through subsidiary companies in other countries
What is happening to the worlds overall wealth
it is increasing
What is happening to inequality within countries and globally
increasing within countries but decreasing globally
Give an example of a developed global hub creating inequality
San Fran
attract highest skilled migrants which increases wages
attracts lowest skills migrants and wages decrease due to high demand
ones in middle forced out
Name 3 leaders that give alternative economic models
Kim Jong Un - North Korea
Robert Mugabe - Zimbabwe
Evo Morales - Bolivia
What is Buen Vivir
a socialist idea introduced into Bolivia that moves rights from individuals/capitalism to the community and nature
they believe we are just stewards of the land
Who is Evo Morales and what did he do
populist president of Bolivia
halved extreme poverty between 2006-2017
increased economy 4.9% each year
What is Juancito Pito
created by Morales, it improves access to education through school vouchers for children
funds come from hydrocarbon industry
What is an IGO and what do they do
an inter governmental organisation
have considerable resources
hold genuine power to influence world events
neutral
Name the biggest IGO
United Nations
When did the UN begin
during ww2 with Roosevelt
Why was the UN made
to ‘maintain peace and global security’
How many bodies are there in the UN
193, but with 5 main bodies (P5)
WHo are the P5
UK, USA, Russia, France, China
What was Russia called when it joined the UN
USSR
What is the UN charter
a charter that codifies the major principles of international relations
What are the four pillars of global security
political, economic, social, judicial
What is the secretariat
an international civil service that combines all special agencies
What is the general assembley
a forum where states meet and discuss global concerns
questions here are referred to main committees
What is a positive of the GA
gives a place for debate
What is a negative of the GA
its been critiqued for being a ‘talking shop’ where few significant issues are resolved
What is the security council
a council containing 5 permanent members (P5) and 10 non permanent members who serve 2 years
What power do the P5 hold
veto power, where it allows any one of them to block adoption of a resolution they dislike
What is an issue with the P5
Europe is over represented
When are sanctions given and what is an example
when countries go against principles
example - arms or trade embargo (banning of)
Why are UN troops deployed
to keep peace
If there is a failure to get an agreement, what may happen
a nation may act directly
What does the economic and security council (ECOSOC) do`
coordinates economic and social work of UN
What are some criticisms of ECOSOC
funding withdraw sometimes due to mismanagement
very global so too dispersed for effective communication
What is ECOSOC praised for
consulting lots of NGO’s
What does the international court of justice do
settles legal disputes between states
advises opinions to UN
What does the international criminal court do
prosecutes individuals who commit genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
How is the UN funded
P5 pay for more than half the costs alone
voluntary contributions from states, NGO’s and donor agencies
Why is a a good thing for P5 to pay for more than half the fees
helps them hold power
What happens when the UN fails to get an agreement
countries may act independantly and directly, undermining the power of the UN
Define a failed state
a country whose government has lost political control and is unable to fulfill the basic responsibilities of a sovereign state, with severe adverse effects on some or all of the population
Define war on terror
ongoing campaign of USA to counter terrorism attacks initiated by Al-Qeada
Why is Syria a failed state
civil war since 2011 Aleppo, financial capital, now in ruins caused by nepotism and corruption conflict between many terror groups ruling family getting richer as monopoly rises
What is nepotism
handing power over to friends and family
What are the 3 groups that get involved in Syria
Assad family and Russia
Rebels - USA, Turkey and Saudi Arabia
IS
Why did chemical weapons get the UN and the UK involved in the Syria crisis
UN banned use of chemical weapons and investigated factories
2017 deadly chemical attck in Syria
both Syria and Russia deny
USA and UK dont believe them so use air strikes
Why is being a member of global trade and IGO’s a good thing
they are almost universal, it gives access to the world marketplace and a route to economic development through trade
Is there equal influence inside IGO’s
no
How are trading blocs made
with close regional groups or natiosn who wants to partners
What is a single market
regional groups operating without cross border taxation and permit freedom of movement
What must governments be expected to do when joining a trade bloc
to give up a degree of economic sovereignty
Why are trading blocs good
as more international links increase desirability for FDI
What do some nations see as the ultimate gaol
political unity
What draws member states together
centripetal forces such as a common currency or similiar policies
What is required for unity
trust ans economic consistency
What does nationalism create
centrifugal forces that push countries apart
Name an example of not all citizens supporting unity
Britain voting to leave EU
When was NAFTA formed
1994
Who is in NAFTA
Cananda, USA, Mexico
What % of global GDP does NAFTA account for
21%
What does NAFTA do
reduce tariffs of goods
coordinates environmental regulation
promotes construction of infrastructure between countries
What are the pros of NAFTA
economy doubled since 1994
employment increased by 23%
What re the cons of NAFTA
lots of american jobs relocated to Mexico
mexican farmers cannot compete with american agribusiness
What does SEATO stand for
South East Asia Treaty Organisation
When did SEATO run from and until
1954-77
Who was in SEATO
US, France, GB, NZ, AUS, Thailand, Pakistan, Phillippines
What was SEATO’s main aim
blcok communist expansion
What are the pros of SEATO
strengthened economic foundations and improved SoL in southeast asia states
What are the cons of SEATO
each nation reacted differently to internal threats
been blamed for keeping vietnam from peace
What are the 3 groups of IGO activity
group 1 - managing global environmental issues
group 2 - developing laws for managing ocenas and international rivers
group 3 - responsibility of keeping Antartica as a continent of peace and science
Define separatism
the advocacy or practice of separating a particular group of people from a larger group of people on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender
Define secession
The act of separation for part of a state to create a new and fully independent country.
Which national ideologies have been strengthened through globalisation
Front Nationale
What are the two types of nationalism
ethic and civic
Explain ethic nationalism
Right wing
Superior to non-members
Front Nationale
Anti-immigration
Explain civic nationalism
Anyone can identify as long as they accept civic values of the community
SNP
What are 4 characteristics of a failed state
corrupt government
contested territory
inability to provide services
no involvement in global politics
Name a failed state
Syria
How did the Bretton Woods institutions assist TNCs
promoted free trade
removed barriers to trade
allowed investment to be easier through a fixed rate
Name an example of IGO activity group 1 - managing gloabl environmental issues
Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the o zone
signed by 197 countries
successful as revised several times, strict sanctions given out and hole easily measured
Name an example of IGO activity group 2 - developing laws for managing seas, oceans and rivers
UN convention of the law of the sea
166 sountries signed
provide barriers to exploitation and give rights to land locked countries
Name an example of IGO activity group 3 - responsibility for Antarctic as a continent of peace and science
antarctic treaty system
12 countries signed
ban on military
may become contested due to china and russia tensions over resources
