TECTONIC HAZARDS & PLACE Flashcards
How do risks from Tectonic Hazards affect placemaking Processes
Threats = earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes
Risk = Possible harm (dependent on vulnerability)
Paragraph 1 - ICELAND
Located on Mid Atlantic Ridge
–> Volcanoes and geothermal areas
–> management, warning systems
Central to identity - cultural narrative
Tourism & energy creation
Image as resilient country & strong safety record.
Paragraph 2 - Mount Merapi
Eruption in 2010 –> displacement of people
Needed to reconstruct
Show resilience & adaptation
–> improvements eg tourism
Paragraph 3 - Nyiragongo
2002 eruption
Displacement of several hundred thousand people & loss of life & destruction of infrastructure
Economic decline & increase in inequlaity
–> shift to prioritising safety & resilience
Explain how strategies to Manage Tectonic Hazards shape a place’s identity.
Strategies = modification of events, modification of vulnerability & modification of loss.
Shaping Identity = physical geography, demography, socio economic status, built environment & cultural political
Example 1 - Japan (linked to AC status) / EXCELLENT PREPAREDNESS
Modification of vulnerability - ASEISMIC design & building codes, drills, warning systems
–> identity as safe, technologically advanced resilient nation
–> affects built environment
–> cultural identity - resilient, organised, co-operative
Example 2 - Haiti (LIDC status) /LACK OF STRATEGIES –> loss
Following EQ of 2010
Huge damage & humanitarian crisis
–> perception of identity
–> gave image of a country that needed was not resilient & dependent on international aid
–> negative impact on possible tourists
Example 3 Mont Merapi, Indonesia - CHANGED & ADAPTED
But Modification of Loss –>
How community responded & recovered
–> resilient proud nation
–> strengthened community bonds
–> toursim –> economic benefits
How do risks from tectonic processes affect place making processes
Risk = probability of a tectonic event occuring & the potential impacts on human activities.
Influences/ Affect on place-making
Urban Planning
Land Use Zoning
Building Codes may be stricter in certain areas
Eg San Andreas Fault, USA
Infrastructure Development
Roads, brides, dams need to be able to withstand EQ or VE
Eg Etna, Italy
Economic Considerations
Geothermal energy–> very valuable
Compensation funds & Insurance planning
May get less investment due to risk of loss –> lower GDP
Eg Haiti
Population Distribution
People may move to safer areas
–> could increase inequality as poor may not have resources/ability to move
Eg Nyiragongo - people can’t move due to conflict
Emergency Planning
Level of preparedness can increase or decrease people’s perception of risk .
eg Japan
Environmental Impact
Volcanic eruptions can lead to fertile land–> encourage people to move/live/work
Mineral deposits –> valuable
Eg Nyiragongo
Explain how strategies to Manage Tectonic Hazards shape a place’s identity.
Strategies = modification of events, modification of vulnerability & modification of loss.
A Place’s identity is shaped by = physical geography, demography, socio economic status, built environment, cultural & political characteristics
- Strategies to Modify Vulnerability
Monitoring & prediction
Eg Japan - Early warning systems, asiesmic design, drills
–> image = technologically advanced, safe
Aseismic Design–> Icon/landmark Buildings
–> Publicity & image-making
Eg Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco
Community Preparedness
Education Programmes & drills
–> foster sense of community & resilience
Eg Mount Merapi
- Strategies to Modify Loss
Strong compensation schemes & incurance
–> identity as advanced country, safe to invest, economically resilient
Eg Italy, Etna
Developing new income streams to diversify economy to increase resilience & minimise loss
Eg Mount Merapi - tourism
Naples - Mount Veseuvius.
Iceland
Blue Lagoon –> tourism
Strategies protect communities but also contribute to shaping of a place’s unique identity
Assess how impacts of eruptions can affect a place’s identity
Impacts : can be short -term & long-term
Eruptions - type of eruptions, plate boundary
A Place’s identity is shaped by = physical geography, demography, socio economic status, built environment, cultural & political characteristics
- Physical Geography
Create, transform or destroy landscape.
Eg Mount St Helens, USA, 1980 - landslide removed summit
Kilaueau, Hawaii 2018 - lava created elevated land “Kipukas”
Long-term
erosion of volcanic rock can form landform features such as black beaches eg Iceland.
Climate Change–> seal level change —> emergent or submergent landforms.
Demographics
Eruption–> displacement of people & change composition of population —> change in its identity
Eg Iceland - recent eruptions —> town evacuations and many young people did not return (negative)
- Socio-Economic
Short-term people lose lives & livelihoods & possible social unrest
Eg Nyiragongo - businesses and homes destroyed –> looting
—> identity = country reliant on international aid (negative)
Impacts eg lava & ash—> changes to employment type
Merapi - people moved from agriculture—> tourism
Myiragongo—> used volcanic rocks –> cement & use as building materials–> economic boom —> resilience
Deaths & injuries
typically effected most vulnerable
Long-term left people with respiratory illness
—> reliant on long-term aid
Displacement of people
Nyiragongo 2002 - 120,000 displaced & left homeless
–> change in identity and community
Long-term Recovery & reconstruction
–> financial burden–> Less money for investment
but
Diversification and recovery —> identity as a resilient country
Eg diversifiucation into tourism eg Iceland & Merapi (positive)
- Cultural
Strong religious & cultural beliefs –> affected short term impacts- deaths & injuries
eg Merapi
Can destroy heritage/culturally important sites
Cultural norms of country can minimise impacts
Eg Japan–> follow instructions
–> image of a Co-operative, organised culture
eg Merapi Indonesia
Community bonds–>
- Political
Strength of governance can affect a place’s identity
Eg Japan & Iceland –> organised & efficient & technologically advanced
Eg Haiti - Inability to cope with chaos and destruction destroyed peoples perception of place. Belief that Governemnet will keep them safe
Ethnic & regional conflict
in DRC –> diverts resources which could be invested in frastructure & services
Assess how impacts of Earthquakes on a place’s identity
Impacts : can be short -term & long-term
Eruptions - type of eruptions, plate boundary
A Place’s identity is shaped by = physical geography, demography, socio economic status, built environment, cultural & political characteristics
Physical Geography
EQ can lead to creation of new features eg foldmountains, grabens or rift valleys.
—> change to identity from lowland to highland or may seperate different areas within a region.
Eg China 2008 - ground level rose by 9m in areas
Eg Kasmir 2005 –> many landslides which permanantly altered the relief
Demographics
ST may lead to may deaths & injuries - often it is most vulnerable affected.
Tohoku Earthquake 2011 — many young people did not return as fewer job opportunities and risk of radiation
Socio Economic
Can drastically effect the economy of countries , especially local economies as businesses and livelihoods destroyed
eg Haiti - Damage to economy to have reduced GDP by 12%
Affects identity—> less money for investment –> reduced Standard of living.
Cultural
Can impact the effectiveness of disaster responses
Eg following disaster plans
Can imoact how community works together after event
–> image as resilient
Can destroy heritage/culturally important sites
Political
Good or Poor management of crisis –> change in perception of governance
Chili - response deemed
ST impact was chaos as inetrnational aid was organised
–> reduced percpeption of confidence in local Governance
How do hazards offer opportunities for economic growth and rebranding opportunities
Use Park Disaster Model.
To show how a country can use a disaster to increase standard of living and rebuild better
or
How it can not respond well and standard of living drop
Draw diagram
- EQ or V —> significant infrastructure/property damage–> rebuilding
–> stimulate economic growth (employment in construction & related services & encouraging inward investment) across many sectors - Physical changes of geographical area —> economic diversification eg switch from agriculture to Tourism
Eg Mount Merapi (scenery) & Mount St Helens (scenery & Volcanic Monument)
Eg Iceland –> Blue lagoon & Volcano Tourism - “Land of Fire & Ice” - —> Resource Extraction
EQ in Southa America –> Andes Mountains rich in Copper & other minerals—> economic opportunity
Eg Nyiragongo - Volcanic rock–building materials and as ingredient for cement making—> mini economic boom
- Boost to Agriculture
V eruption–> fertile soils - eg Mount etna in Siciliy - citrus fruits - Showcase Resilience
Eg Haiti & nyiragongo
How do tectonic hazards impact the formal and informal representation of place
Formal representation - tangible & quantifiable
Eg demographics, physical features, economic indicators, political boundaries
Informal _ subjective and personal depiction of a place eg personal narratives, art, film , literature, social media
Examples
- Formal representation - Changes to Infrastructure & urban Planning
Seen in building architecture & building codes
Changed representation of Christchurch, NZ to a symbol of resilience and innivation.
- Formal Representation - Economic Structure & adaptations by workforce
Changes to economic sector eg Mount St =Helens - shift in logging –> tourism
Iceland “Land of Fire & ice” to promote tourism after Eyjafajallajokul 2010 - Informal Representation - Community Identity
Experience of surviving hazards–> strong sense of community & identity & self-belief
Eg Mount Merapi - existed before - deepp attachement strengthened not weakened by earthquake. - Event becomes part of a place’s long-term cultural narrative
which is represented in art & Culture
Eg Pompei always associated with eruption of Mount Veseuvius
Depicted in film books and artwork
Haiti - paintaings depicted horror & devastation
Japan Tsnumai- famous painting ‘The Wave’
1906 San Francisoco earthquake - books and poems
Social media used to provide live updates of eruptions eg Iceland (serves as free advertising)
HOw do tectonic hazards link to Inequality
- Geographical Inequality: Tectonic hazards often disproportionately affect people living in certain geographical areas, particularly those near tectonic plate boundaries12. These areas are often more prone to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis12.
- Socioeconomic Inequality: People with lower socioeconomic status are often more vulnerable to tectonic hazards12. They may live in poorly constructed housing that is more likely to be damaged during an earthquake or volcanic eruption12. They may also lack the resources to recover from such events12.
- Inequality in Preparedness and Response: There can be significant disparities in how well different communities are prepared for tectonic hazards, and in how effectively they can respond when such events occur12. Communities with more resources often have better infrastructure, more comprehensive disaster preparedness plans, and quicker, more effective responses12.
- Inequality in Recovery: After a tectonic event, wealthier individuals and communities often recover more quickly, as they have more resources to rebuild and recover12. In contrast, poorer individuals and communities may struggle to recover, leading to increased and prolonged hardship12.
- Governance. Some people will experience strong governance reduced vulnerability, others will not. Eg building code enforcement.
- Demographics. High population densities increased vulnerability. Young population inexperience. Migrant population inexperience
In summary, tectonic hazards can exacerbate existing inequalities and create new ones, affecting everything from individual livelihoods to the development trajectories of entire regions
deprivation & poverty increases risk of impacts of tectonic activity
EXPOSURE & VULNERABILITY TO TECTONIC HAZARDS LINK TO DEPRIVATION/POVERTY
Certainly, deprivation can increase both exposure and vulnerability to tectonic hazards in several ways12345
- Housing Quality: Deprived communities often live in poorly constructed housing due to lack of resources
. These structures are more likely to be damaged or destroyed in an earthquake or volcanic eruption12345. - Location: People living in deprivation may have no choice but to live in hazard-prone areas, such as on unstable slopes or near active volcanoes12345. This increases their exposure to tectonic hazards12345.
- Lack of Infrastructure: Deprived areas often lack the infrastructure necessary to mitigate the impacts of tectonic hazards12345. This includes things like early warning systems, evacuation routes, and reinforced buildings12345.
- Limited Access to Services: Deprived communities often have limited access to services such as healthcare, emergency services, and education12345. This can increase their vulnerability to tectonic hazards, as they may lack the resources to prepare for, respond to, and recover from such events12345.
- Economic Factors: Deprivation often goes hand in hand with poverty12345. Poor communities may lack the financial resources to recover from a tectonic event, making them more vulnerable to long-term impacts12345.
- Education: Lack of education can also increase vulnerability12345. Without knowledge of how to respond to a tectonic hazard, individuals and communities are at greater risk12345.
In summary, deprivation can significantly increase a community’s exposure and vulnerability to tectonic hazards
