DISEASE SHORT - GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Question 1

LINK SPREAD OF DISEASE & MIGRATION

Spread - transmission from one group to another
direct, indirect, food & water air, vectors

Answer 1

1. INCREASED EXPOSURE
   Pass through areas with varying disease risk
   Eg Malaria (vectors)
2. HEALTHCARE ACCESS BARRIERS
   Prevents treatment–> ongoing transmission
   Affordability, culture, language barriers for migrants
   Language barriers
   Eg Mexican immigrants in USA
3. MIGRANT LIVING CONDITIONS POOR
   Increase person-erson contact, & aWater borne trasnmission
   Crowded, camps, vulnerable
   Eg Gastro-intestinal disease
4. INTRODUCE / SPREAD NEW DISEASES
   Migrants introduce new diseases
   Spread disease from source countries –> destinationEg Ebola, Swine Flu
5. IMPACTS DESTINATION HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
   Strain on destination healthcare systems
6. IMPACT OF STRESS
   Migrants trauma, conflict, natural disasters
   Eg Haiti
7. MIGRATION INTO ACs
   Bring less common diseases eg TB
   Barriers to healthcare
   Overcrowded conditions
   Dangerous work
8. MIGRATION BETWEEN EDCS
   Inter-regional migration contributes to disease spread.
   move from rural-urban areas - construction
   urban -rural mining.
   Eg HIV
9. FORCED MIGRATION
   Conflict, diasaster, Gov’t policy
   Displacement–> camps–> big spread

Question 2

HOW IS DISEASE LINKED TO PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

Patterns of Migration

Internal, international, inter-regional, intra-region, urban-rural, forced, voluntary, economic maigration.

Answer 2

1. DISEASE CAN BE A PUSH FACTOR
   International
   Eg Ebola 2016 people moved away from West Africa
2. DISEASE TREATMENT CAN BE A PULL FACTOR
   Voluntary
   Eg HIV africa rural-urban migration to access treatment
3. SPREAD LINKED TO SPECIFIC MIGRATION PATTERNS
   Economic
   Chagas Disease can be linked from migrantion from Latin America
4. MOVEMENT FROM AREA OF LOW PREVALENCE TO HIGH PREVALENCE
   Economic
   Eg Malaraia, migrants lack prevention knowledge or drugs
5. OUTBREAKS CAN LEAD TO STIGMITISATION OF MIGRANTS
   Barrier
   Eg Border controls to prevent Swine Flu transmission
6. FORCED MIGRATION
   Eg Natural Diasters
   Eg Zika virus - pregnant women left areas of high prevalence –>safer environments
7. BARRIERS TO MIGRATION
   Can help or hinder spread of disease
   Help - physical barriers

Question 3

It is more challenging to mitigate against communicable diseases in areas with human rights conflicts

Mitigate - prevent (P) , treat (T), contain (C)
Role of International Organisations

Human Rights Conflicts (HRC) - violation of human rights caused by armed conflict, political instability, humanitarian crises (diasters)

Answer 3

YES - MUCH

1. BREAKDOWN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
   Affects PTC
   Lack of education awareness, vaccination
   Eg Syria & Afghanistan–> increase in Polio
2. DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE
   Affects PTC
   Camps, overcrowding poor sanitation
   Eg South Sudan –> camps–> Cholera
   Haiti 2010 –> Cholera
3. HINDER MONITORING & TREATMENT
   Affects C
   Access to treatment centres disrupted/ control & monitoring difficult
   Eg Ebola
4. DIFFICULT TO GET AID/CARE
   Affects PTC
   Cultural, ethnic troubles danger - health programmes at risk
   Eg Afghanistan, Yemen
5. STIGMA & DISCRIMINATION
   Affects T
   Human Rights conflict –> Stigma of disease/causes of disease
   Eg HIV
6. FOOD INSECURITY & WATER CONTAMINATION
   Affects PTC
   Spreads & causes disease & weakens immune system
   Eg Somalia food insecurity –> more vulnerable Cholera

Question 4

How is Globalisation linked to prevalence of disease?

Globalisation = flow of information , goods, capital and people across international boundaries.

Disease can be communicable & Non-Communicable.

Prevalence = Number of people in population with disease

Globalisation affects rate of progress through OMRAN model of epidemiological transition.

Answer 4

1. FACILITATES SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
   Ease & Speed of movement between regions
2. GLOBALISATION INFLUENCES SOCIO ECONOMIC CHANGES
   Increases inequality between nations and within nations
   –> Increase in diseases of poverty
   Increases & disease of affluence.
   Poverty In ACs–> NCDs CVD, Diabetes,
3. LEADS TO CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE & BEHAVIOURS
   Sedintry lifestyle, fast food–> disease
   Eg Diabetes
4. Globalisation –> STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC CHANGE
   Increased industrialisation in developeing countries –> environmental disease
   Eg Air Pollution in INdia–> cancer
5. GLOBALISATION LEADS TO LAND USE CHANGES
   Development –> industrialisation–> Deforestation –> scarcity of medicines
   Eg Pacific Yew Tree –> cancer treatment
6. GLOBALISATION INCREASES URBANISATION
   Increases transmission of infectious disease
   Eg TB
7. GLOBALISATION - PUSH PULL FACTORS & LEES MODEL
   Migration Patterns change
   Barriers to migration & disease transmission reduced
   overcome
   eg mountain chains, oceans as travel easier
8. GLOBALISATION –> CLIMATE CHANGE
   Increased industrialisation & travel –> gh gases
   Affects temperature & increases weather events
9. AFFECTS GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
   Eg Pharmaceuticals - availability & Cost

Question 5

Impact of Global Governance on Disease Risk & eradication

Global Governance (GG) - framework of institutions, rules and norms that facailiates collective action & co-operation between nations.

Work to PTC (Prevent, Treat, Control)

Risk = probability of occurence
Eradication = reduction of cases to zero

Answer 5

1. GG SETS NORMS & STANDARDS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
   Eg Global Malaria Programme
2. FOSTERS INNOVATION & RESEARCH
   Funding by WHO, UNICEF, Gates Foundation
   Eg Global Polio Eradication Initiative
3. INFORMATION COLLECTION & DISTRIBUTION
   Data driven PTC
   EG Global MAlaraia Initiativem Malaria Covid 19
4. PROMOTES LEADERSHIP for CAMPAIGNS
   eg WHO Smallpox eradication strategy
   WHO - declares pandemic
5. FASCILITATES SUPPORT & COMMUNICATION
   Eg Global Malaria Programme
6. ATTEMPTS TO BYPASSES CONFLICT
   UNICEF - Afghanistan
7. FINANCES DISEASE PTC MEASURES
   Eg Eradication
8. ENCOURAGES MULTI-SECTOR COP-ORDINATION