SHORT HAZARDS & ELS

Question 1

How do Volcanoes Impact the Water Cycle

Think water CYCLE
stores, rate of flows, processes.

Answer 1

1. GLACIAL MELT (STORES)
   Flooding,
   Eg E15
2. SEA LEVEL CHANGE
   Caused by climate change
   Mount Pinatubu 1991

3.DESTROY WATER CHANNELS
Lava, lahars, landslides
Eg Nyiragongo

4. GEOLOGY CHANGES
   Volcanic rock impermeable–> increased runoff & decreased infiltration
5. CLIMATE CHANGE
   Reduced Albedo & CO2 affects rates of processes eg evapotranspiration & photosynthesis

Question 2

How do EARTHQUAKE Hazards Impact the Water Cycle

Think water CYCLE
stores, rate of flows, processes.

Answer 2

1. CHANGES TO GROUNDWATER LEVELS (STORES)
   EG TOHOKU 2011
2. DESTRUCTION/ALTERATION OF FLOW CHANNELS
   Landslides disrupt rivers, dams–> changes in rates of flow above and below ground & lake formation
   Eg Christchurch New Zealand 20
3. WATER QUALITY
   Eg saltwater contamination & pollution
   Eg Haiti 2010
4. WATER MOVED TO MANTLE (STORE)
   leads to magma production–> volcanic eruptions.
   Eg Indian Ocean 2004
5. TSUNAMIS (FLOWS - CHANGES TO STORES)
   Flooding, contamination, sediment load, coastal systems
6. SEA LEVEL CHANGE

Question 3

How do Volcanoes impact the Carbon Cycle

Think carbon CYCLE
inputs, outputs stores, rate of flows, processes

Answer 3

1. CARBON RELOCATION/DISPLACEMENT (FLOWS)
2. CARBON RELEASE (INPUTS)
   CO2–> atmosphere–> climate change
   Eg E15 2011
3. CARBON SEQUESTRATION (OUTPUTS)
   Ash-> sediment—> sedimentary rock
   Eg Mount PInatubu 1991 - Philippines
4. ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION (CHANGE RATES OF FLOW)
   Ash–> cool climate/no sunlight–> no photosynthesis & Acid Rain
   1980
   Eg Mount St Helens, 2010 Nyiragongo
5. DISRUPT HUMAN ACTIVITIES
   Ash–> no fly–> no emission
   Eg E15

Question 4

How do Earthquakes & Tsunamis Hazards impact the Carbon Cycle.

Think carbon CYCLE
inputs, outputs stores, rate of flows, processes

Answer 4

EARTHQUAKES

1. CARBON RELOCATION/DISPLACEMENT (FLOWS)
   Mass Movement. landslides, tsunamis
   Eg Tohoku, Japan 2011
2. CARBON RELEASE (INPUTS)
   Subduction –> crust melts & releases CO2
3. CHANGES TO OCEAN BASINS (OUTPUTS/ SEQUESTRATION)
   Subduction of oceanic crust
   Carbon in crust subducted into mantle
   2004 Indian Ocean
4. CHANGE TO ECOSYSTEMS (PROCESSES)
   Damage to land & veg–> less photosynthesis
   Eg saltwater contamination
   Eg Indian Ocean 2004
5. CAUSE TSUNAMIS (STORES & PROCESSES)
   Damage to vegetation, sediment displacement etc
   Eg Tohoku , Japan 2011

Question 5

How does water cycle make the impacts of Tectonic activity WORSE

Answer 5

1. WEATHER - EXACERBATES IMPACTS
   Eg Long duration precipitation hampers rescue
2. SATURATED SOIL AMPLIFIES SEISMIC WAVES
   Makes shaking more damaging
3. GENERATE TSUNAMIS
   Aleters flows of energy & materials

changes to water stores sea–> land –> flooding.
Eg Chile 2010 reshaped coastline

4. LAHARS
   Volcanoes –> glacial melt
   Eg E15
5. LIQUIFICATION
   Soils containing water–> behave like liquid
   Eg 2011 Christchurch NZ
6. LANDSLIDES
   Ground less stable
   Nepal
7. TRIGGER EARTHQUAKES
   Dehydration & subsidence

Question 6

How does Tectonic Activity influence coastal landscape.

Landscape = landforms, land elevation, human activites

Answer 6

1. CREATE NEW COASTAL LANDFORMS
   VE –> Island chains and lava plateau
   Eg Hawaii (hotspot)
2. ALTER EXISITING LANDFORMS
   Uplift and subsidence–> emergent/submergent landforms
   Eg Alaska EQ 1964
3. CHANGE SEDIMENT SUPPLY
   Volcanic ash & rock and mass movement.
   Eg Tohoku 2011, Japan
4. SEA LEVEL CHANGES
   E & VE –> CO2 climate change
   VE–glacial melt, isostatic change
   Eg Pinatubu, 1991
5. PRODUCE TSUNAMIS
   Reshape coastline, alter sediment patterns
   eg Indian Ocean 2004
6. CHANGE OCEAN BASIN
   Sea level changes .
7. GEOLOGY
   VE–> discordant concordant coastlines
8. HUMAN MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
   Eg sea walls, groynes
   Eg Tohoku, Japan 20011

Question 7

How does Tectonic Activity Impact LONG term changes to water & carbon Cycles

Answer 7

WATER CYCLE

1. SEA LEVEL CHANGES
   Eustatic or Isostatic changes
   Lead to advancing or retreating coastlines
   Lead to emergent or submergent coastlines
2. OCEAN BASIN MODIFICATION
   Activity leads to change to size and shape of ocean basin
   Affcts stores of water & carbon sequestration
   Eg Indian Ocean 2004
3. GROUNDWATER LEVELS
   Alter quality - salt water contamination
   Eg Tohoku

CARBON CYCLE

1. CARBON RELEASE
   EQ–> new crust eg Mid Atlantic Ridge
   Ve & EQ –> CO2
2. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
   VE–> fertile soils increase in NPP
   Subduction –> sequestration
   Eg Marina Trench
3. CLIMATE REGULATION
   VE –> climate regulation - either lowers or increases temperatures