SHORT - HAZARDS & PLACE

Question 1

Tectonic Hazards & Placemaking

Answer 1

**Define terms - Hazards (types & hazards) & Placemaking (bringing people together & improving space)

Tectonic hazards —>

1. Physical landscape changes
   Eg Gorkha Nepal 2015, Mount St Helens 1980
2. Damage/destruction
   Eg Haiti EQ 2010, Nyiragongo VE 2002
   Damage to housing & infrastructure & services
3. Displacement of populations
   –> demographic changes
   Eg Tohoku 2011
4. Economic Damage (Employment)
   Eg Tohoku 2011 (fishing industry devastated)
   Mount St Helens 1980 (forestry industry devastated)
5. Changes to Urban Design & planning
   Eg land zoning & building codes
6. Loss of Cultural Heritage
   Eg Eg Gorkha Nepal 2015
7. Changes in Perception of Risk
   Eg Chile 2003 —> less vulnerable moved to safer places

Question 2

Tectonic Hazard Management & Place Profile & Identity

Place Profile & identity = (physical, social, economic, cultural, built environment political characteristics of a place) & personal perceptions

Management Strategies = modification of - event, modification of vulnerability & modification of Loss

Positive implementation of strategies –> positive identity
Poor implementation of strategies/no strategies -> negative identity

Answer 2

Define terms - Hazards of EQ, VE, Tsunami

1.Strategies to Modify Event
Eg walls, lava flows, lake drainage
Positive Identity = “safe, proactive & technologically advanced”
Eg Japan - sea walls/tsunamis

2. Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability
   Eg monitoring, mapping & zoning, aseismic design education & awareness, search & rescue
   Positive identity = “Strong governance, technologically advanced, prepared, community spirit”
   Eg Japan, Iceland, San Francisco, Merapi, Bangladesh (EDCs can be good too)
3. Startegies to Modify Loss
   Eg Reconstruction, grants, compensation, diversification
   Identity = “good governance & economically resilience, self-reliant”
   Eg Italy - Mount Etna , Merapi

Question 3

Impacts of Eruptions/ Earthquakes
on place Identity

PLACES ARE MULTI-FACETED

Place identity = physical, social, economic, cultural, built environment political characteristics of a place

Park MOdel of Disaster response can affect a place identity (Park Model)
good response—> better identity
poor response–> negative identit

Answer 3

Discuss how impacts of VE & EQ can alter characteristics/ identity which affect identity :

1.Landscape
2.Buildings & infrastructure
3.People/Demographics
4.Economy
5.culture
6. CPolitical landscape

Good Example VE
Kilauea - 2018 (lava destruction of villages)
Nyiragongo - 2010 (lava destruction of buildings & infrastructure & displacement)
E15 - 2010 (demographics & local & global economy & ash contamination )
Mount St Helens - 1980 (forest destruction - millions of trees and soil destruction )

Good examples EQ
Haiti 2010 (death & destruction, displacement, GDP loss )
Christchurch NZ (liquification & deposition of sediment)
Tohoku 2015 (demographic changes )
Gorkha, Nepal (loss of heritage sites)
Chile 2003 (Political impact)

Question 4

How do tectonic events impact social inequality

*** Reference to Park Model of Disaster Response
Quality of life/Social Inequality can go up or down after a disaster.

Answer 4

1. Exacerbate existing inequalities
   Eg Haiti 2010 EQ - Impacts disproportionately felt by poor (housing destruction–> death)
2. Ability to implement management strategies influenced by socioeconomic factors.
   Eg Tohoku 2011 - (less housing destruction fewer casualties)
3. Hazards can create new forms of social inequality
   Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 –> unequal aid distribution –> more inequality
4. Long-term impacts can entrench inequality
   Pinatubu, Philippines 1991 - subsistence farmers lost livelihoods
5. Hazards can divert resources away from social programmes
   Nepal EQ 2015 - Gov’t diverted funds from healthcare programmes
6. Can provide opportunities to address social inequality.
   Eg 2005 Pakistan EQ - NGOs promoted gender equality